Browse by: "2020"

Subnational governments’ capacity to effectively fund and deliver public services are crucial for the realisation of the benefits of decentralisation. However, subnational capacities often suffer from significant weaknesses, ranging from inadequate assignments of own-revenues, through to flaws in tax administration, the design of intergovernmental transfers, spending assignments and various aspects of public financial management. The volume discusses how better diagnostics and more strategic reforms can contribute to easing the resource constraints on subnational governments, as well as creating appropriate incentives for these governments to improve performance. The volume includes studies of the enabling conditions for subnational capacity building in Asia, as well as focused studies of China and India's fiscal relations challenges.

The devastating impacts of coronavirus (COVID-19) on developing countries have tested the limits, ingenuity and flexibility of development co-operation while also uncovering best practices. This 58th edition of the Development Co-operation Report draws out early insights from leaders, OECD members, experts and civil society on the implications of coronavirus (COVID-19) for global solidarity and international co-operation for development in 2021 and beyond. The report suggests ways forward for the international development community as a whole for bold action and systemic reform to build resilient national and international systems capable of coping with global shocks, and providing and protecting global public goods while reinforcing the fundamental building blocks for sustainable development. The annual “development co-operation at a glance” infographics showcase the latest trends in development finance for over 80 providers of development co-operation, including members of the OECD, the Development Assistance Committee, other countries and philanthropic foundations.

The interconnected challenges of our times call for a coherent and multidimensional approach to public governance. The OECD Policy Framework on Sound Public Governance provides governments at all levels with an integrated diagnostic, guidance and benchmarking tool that aims to improve the quality of public governance – an objective that takes on immediate strategic importance for governments as they strive to manage the COVID-19 crisis and plan for a sustainable and inclusive recovery. The Framework builds on OECD legal instruments in the area, on lessons learned over the past decade through the OECD’s Public Governance Reviews (PGRs) and other country and sector-specific assessments. The first part shows the importance of key governance values and provides an overview of enablers of sound public governance that governments can adopt to pursue successful reforms. The second part presents an overview of management tools and policy instruments that can enhance the quality and impact of policy-making at the different stages of the policy cycle. Each chapter poses a number of strategic questions that policy-makers can use to self-assess the institutional and decision-making capacity of their governments in key public governance areas.

There are approximately 800,000 Indigenous Australians, which is 3.3% of Australia’s total population. Indigenous Australians are custodians of the world’s oldest living continuous culture and make a vital contribution to contemporary Australian society. Indigenous Australians are also important for the future of the national economy. For example, the amount of land with Indigenous ownership and interest has increased significantly in the last 50 years and now covers approximately half of Australia’s land mass. Indigenous Australians play an important role in the development of regional economies. Compared to the non-Indigenous population, Indigenous peoples are more likely to be located in predominantly rural regions. However, significant gaps in socio-economic outcomes with non-Indigenous Australians remain and these gaps are larger in rural regions. The report provides three key recommendations to improve economic outcomes for Indigenous Australians: improving the quality of the statistical framework and the inclusion of Indigenous peoples in the governance of data; promoting entrepreneurship to provide opportunities for Indigenous peoples to use assets and resources in ways that align with their objectives for development; and, implementing an approach to policies that is adapted to places, and empowers Indigenous institutions and communities.

The Guiding Principles for Durable Extractive Contracts (the Guiding Principles) provide guidance on how resource projects can be developed to reflect the balance of risks and rewards that underpins durable contracts, while taking into account community interests and concerns since the very beginning. The Guiding Principles offer a blueprint for the content and negotiation of durable extractive contracts that can reduce the drivers of renegotiation and can provide adaptive and flexible provisions that, for example, can automatically adjust to prevailing market conditions. They also aim to assist host governments and investors in explaining the content of the contract to the public, thereby helping to overcome tensions between stakeholders. The Guiding Principles set out eight principles and supporting commentary that host governments and investors, as well as negotiation support providers and legal practitioners, can use as a common reference for future negotiations of enduring, sustainable and mutually beneficial extractive contracts.

For national governments, the importance of regional development policies reflects two important realities: first, people’s well-being is strongly influenced by where they live and work; and, secondly, it is often possible to identify opportunities and potential policy complementarities at local or regional level that are not apparent from national capitals. Leveraging this potential creates a double dividend, increasing both aggregate productivity and inclusion. This Policy Insight discusses how Kazakhstan can improve its regional development policy by adopting a more bottom-up, place-based approach in areas where a high degree of centralisation has sometimes prevailed. It suggests the development of place-based policy processes and tools to support economic activities based on the identification and mobilisation of local strengths and assets, and to realise further agglomeration potential. It also discusses ways to strengthen a multilevel governance framework that enables the delivery of such policies.

Учитывая масштабы инвестиций в инфраструктуру, необходимых в ближайшие десятилетия, страны Восточного Партнерства, как и большинство стран мира, стремятся мобилизовать больше частного финансирования для развития инфраструктуры. Усиление роли частного сектора в инфраструктуре дает возможность увеличить объем инвестиций в качественную инфраструктуру и способствовать повышению эффективности ее функционирования, однако этого трудно достичь. Сложный характер государственно-частного взаимодействия требует значительного внимания со стороны директивных органов для определения форм участия частного сектора, отражения долгосрочных затрат в бюджетном процессе и надлежащему распределению связанных с этим рисков между государственными и частными соисполнителями.

Огляд енергетичного сектору України - інституції, управління та політичні засади

Estos Principios de 2019 ayudan a los actores de la cooperación al desarrollo y humanitaria a afrontar la complejidad de los desafios del desarrollo sostenible y lograr los resultados planeados. Estos princípios ahondan sus raíces en los principios de Gestión para Resultados de Desarrollo que fueran respaldados por las agencias de desarrollo en la mesa redonda internacional sobre resultados en Marrakech (febrero de 2004), y establecen una práctica actualizada, que tiene en cuenta tanto el cambiante contexto global y como la creciente diversidad de actores en el desarrollo.

Esses Princípios de 2019 ajudam os provedores de desenvolvimento e cooperação humanitária a enfrentar desafios complexos para alcançar os resultados esperados em termos de desenvolvimento sustentável. Com base nos princípios de Gestão para Resultados de Desenvolvimento endossados por agências de desenvolvimento na mesa redonda internacional sobre resultados em Marrakesh (fevereiro de 2004), eles estabelecem uma prática renovada que leva em consideração o contexto global em mudança e o conjunto crescente de atores.

The COVID-19 crisis has severely hit Mongolia’s economy and SMEs have been hit hardest. Strengthening SMEs is a policy priority that Mongolia has clearly recognised, as their growth can contribute to the diversification of employment and exports, and therefore reduce dependence on extractive sectors. Access to finance in particular hinders firm growth, despite the development of several public financial instruments. This Policy Insight discusses these challenges, and suggests five sets of policy actions for the Mongolian government to ease access to finance for SMEs: (1) continue to strengthen the regulatory framework and data collection for SMEs, (2) develop the provision of credit guarantees, (3) improve governance and credit processing procedures in public financial instruments, (4) enhance financial literacy of entrepreneurs, and (5) accelerate the digitalisation of procedures.

Ковид-19 хямралын улмаас Монгол улсын эдийн засаг хүнд цохилтонд орж, ялангуяа ЖДҮ-үүд хамгийн ихээр хохирч байна. ЖДҮ-ийг хөгжүүлэх нь ажил эрхлэлт, экспортын төрөлжилтөнд хувь нэмэр оруулах, түүнчилэн олборлолтын салбараас хэт хамааралтай байдлыг бууруулах эн тэргүүний бодлого хэмээн Монгол улс хүлээн зөвшөөрсөн. Санхүүгийн хүртээмж нь төрийн санхүүгийн арга хэрэгсэлийг үр харгалзан үйлдвэрийн өсөлтийг нэмэгдүүлэхэд тусгайлан хувь нэмэр оруулдаг. Энэхүү бодлогын чиглэл нь дараах сорилтуудыг хэлэлцэж, ЖДҮ-ийн санхүүгийн хүртээмжийг хялбаршуулах таван багц бодлогын үйл ажиллагааг Монгол улсын засгийн газарт санал болгож байна: (1) ЖДҮ-ийн мэдээллийн сан, зохицуулалтын хүрээг үргэлжлүүлэн бэхжүүлэх; (2) Зээлийн батлан даалтыг хөгжүүлэх; (3) Засаглал болон зээлийн үйл явцыг сайжруулах; (4) Бизнес эрхлэгчдийн санхүүгийн боловсролыг нэмэгдүүлэх; (5) Аливаа журам, үйл явцыг цахимжуулах ажлыг хурдасгах.

Given the scale of infrastructure investment required over the coming decades, Eastern Partner (EaP) countries, like most countries around the world, are seeking to mobilise more private finance for infrastructure development. Strengthening the role of the private sector in infrastructure offers an opportunity to scale up investment in quality infrastructure and help realise efficiency gains in their operation, but it is difficult to achieve. The complex nature of public-private interaction requires considerable attention from policy makers for defining the modalities of private involvement, reflecting the long-term costs in the budgetary process and adequately sharing the associated risks between the public and private co-contractors.

What does teaching look like? What practices are most impactful? By directly observing teaching in the classroom, this study trialled new research methods to shed light on these key questions for raising student outcomes around the world. This report provides a detailed account of classroom management, social and emotional support, and instructional practices in the classrooms of eight countries and economies, drawing upon the observation of lesson videos and instructional materials, the analysis of teacher and student questionnaires, and the measurement of students’ cognitive and non-cognitive outcomes.

The Economic Outlook for Southeast Asia, China and India is a regular publication on regional economic growth, development and regional integration in Emerging Asia. It focuses on the economic conditions of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) member countries: Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Viet Nam. It also addresses relevant economic issues in China and India to fully reflect economic developments in the region. This November Update of the Outlook, following the Update 2020 released in July, presents a regional economic monitor, depicting the economic outlook and macroeconomic challenges in the region amidst the COVID-19 pandemic.