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Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) play an important role in Georgia’s economy. SMEs provide more than 67% of employment and about 62% of gross value added. Although the environmental footprint of individual SMEs may be low, their aggregate impact in many respects exceeds that of large businesses.
Commercial banks have an important role to play in providing access to green finance, particularly for SMEs. This report reviews the experience with green lending in the SME sector in Georgia. The analysis identifies the main challenges with lending to SMEs for green projects and discusses possible solutions. The report, in particular, looks at the role of the government and the policy instruments it can use to stimulate higher demand for green lending in the SME sector.
经合组织 - 粮农组织第十六次联合版发布的《农业展望》提供了主要农产品、生物燃料和渔类的市场预测,以及拉丁美洲和加勒比地区面临的前景与挑战的特别章节。
在农产品供给强劲延续了几年后,大多数农产品国际价格有所下降。对于本展望中涵盖的几乎所有产品,由于生产率的增长持续高于需求增长,预计未来十年实际价格将保持或低于当前水平。国际贸易对越来越多的粮食进口国的粮食安全至关重要,也将成为出口地区的重要收入和生计来源,特别是拉丁美洲和加勒比地区,预计该区域将进一步增加其在全球农产品出口中的份额。
统计附件中预测结果和过去的趋势可以在http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/agr-outl-data-en上查询。
Africa’s Development DynamicsWhat are the major economic and social trends in Africa? What is Africa’s role in globalisation? This annual report presents an Africa open to the world and towards the future. uses the lessons learned in the five African regions – Central, East, North, Southern and West Africa – to develop recommendations and share good practices. The report identifies innovative policies and offers practical policy recommendations, adapted to the specificities of African economies. Drawing on the most recent available statistics, this analysis of development dynamics aims to help African leaders reach the targets of the African Union’s Agenda 2063 at all levels: continental, regional, national, and local. Every year this report will focus on one strategic theme.
This 2019 edition explores policies for productive transformation. It proposes three main policy focus for transforming firms: providing business services to clusters of firms; developing regional production networks; and improving exporting firms’ ability to thrive in fast-changing markets.
This volume feeds into a policy debate between African Union’s nations, citizens, entrepreneurs and researchers. It aims to be part of a new co-operation between countries and regions focused on mutual learning and the preservation of common goods. This report is the result of a partnership between the African Union Commission and the OECD Development Centre.
Dynamiques du développement en AfriqueQuelles sont les tendances économiques et sociales majeures en Afrique aujourd’hui ? Comment l’Afrique s’inscrit-elle dans la mondialisation ? Ce rapport annuel parle d’une Afrique ouverte sur le monde et l’avenir. tire les leçons des expériences des cinq sous-régions – Afrique australe, centrale, de l’Est, du Nord et de l’Ouest – pour partager et développer les bonnes pratiques. Le rapport identifie les politiques innovantes et offre des recommandations pratiques, adaptées aux spécificités des économies africaines. Étayé par les plus récentes statistiques, son décryptage des dynamiques du développement vise à permettre aux leaders africains de réaliser la vision stratégique de l’agenda 2063 à tous les niveaux : continental, régional, national et local. Chaque édition examine ainsi un thème stratégique.
L’édition 2019 explore les politiques de soutien à la transformation productive. Elle propose trois principaux axes politiques pour transformer les entreprises : fournir des services commerciaux aux regroupements d’entreprises ; mettre en place des réseaux de production régionaux ; et améliorer la capacité des entreprises exportatrices à se développer dans des marchés en mutation rapide.
Cet ouvrage a pour vocation de nourrir le débat entre les membres de l’Union africaine, ainsi que les citoyens, entrepreneurs et chercheurs. Son ambition est de participer à une nouvelle coopération – entre pays, régions... – tournée vers l’apprentissage mutuel et la préservation de nos biens communs. Il est lui-même le fruit de la coopération entre la Commission de l’Union Africaine et le Centre de développement de l’OCDE.
Le Prospettive agricole 2019-2028 sono il frutto dell’azione collaborativa tra l’Organizzazione per la Cooperazione e lo Sviluppo Economici (OCSE) e l’Organizzazione delle Nazioni Unite per l’Alimentazione e l’Agricoltura (FAO). Le Prospettive riuniscono le competenze di entrambe le Organizzazioni in materia di prodotti di base, politiche pubbliche e Paesi, nonché gli input dei Paesi membri che collaborano per fornire un esame annuale delle Prospettive dei mercati nazionali, regionali e globali dei prodotti agricoli di base per il prossimo decennio.
Il Capitolo Speciale dell’edizione di quest’anno si concentrerà sullo sviluppo agricolo dell’America Latina.
En la decimoquinta edición conjunta de la obra OCDE-FAO Perspectivas Agrícolas se presentan proyecciones de mercado para los principales productos básicos agrícolas, los biocombustibles y el pescado. Asimismo, se incluye una sección especial sobre las perspectivas y los retos planteados por la agricultura y la pesca en la región de América Latina y el Caribe.
Debido a la sólida oferta sostenida durante varios años, los precios internacionales de la mayoría de los productos básicos agrícolas disminuyeron. En lo que respecta a casi todos los productos básicos cubiertos en las Perspectivas, se prevé que durante la próxima década los precios reales se mantendrán en los niveles actuales o por debajo de ellos, a medida que las mejoras en productividad continúen superando el crecimiento de la demanda. El comercio internacional será esencial para la seguridad alimentaria en un número cada vez mayor de países importadores de alimentos. También constituirá una fuente importante de ingresos y medios de subsistencia en regiones exportadoras, en especial América Latina y el Caribe, la cual, según las proyecciones, incrementará aún más su participación en las exportaciones agrícolas mundiales.
This brochure is published within the framework of the Scheme for the Application of International Standards for Fruit and Vegetables established by OECD in 1962. It comprises explanatory notes and high quality photographs to facilitate the uniform interpretation of the Chicory standard. It is thus a valuable tool for the inspection authorities, professional bodies and traders interested in international trade of Chicory.
As the world's premier forum for international economic co-operation, the G20 plays a critical role in helping to achieve the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Based on robust evidence and available data, this report examines how the G20's contributions to the global goals across key sectors are already making a difference, while also suggesting where it could go further in leading by example to support the global goals.
Collectively, G20 members account for around 85% of global gross domestic product, 75% of world trade and 80% of global carbon dioxide emissions – to name just a few areas of the G20's influence. This report, commissioned by the Government of Japan in support of its 2019 G20 Presidency, takes stock of the G20's progress to date against its Action Plan on the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.
The Going for Growth report, updated biennially, looks at structural reforms in policy areas that have been identified as priorities to boost incomes in OECD countries and selected non-OECD economies (Argentina, Brazil, the People’s Republic of China, Colombia, Costa Rica, India, Indonesia, the Russian Federation and South Africa). The selection of priorities and monitoring of reform actions are supported by internationally comparable indicators that enable countries to assess their economic performance and structural policies in a wide range of areas. In addition to detailed policy recommendations to address the priorities, as well as a follow-up on actions taken in the recent years, the report includes individual country notes and, since 2017, a focus on inclusive growth. The 2019 report also includes a special chapter on reform packages that boost growth while ensuring environmental sustainability, a new extension of the Going for Growth framework.
This edition analyses how trade can contribute to economic diversification and empowerment, with a focus on eliminating extreme poverty, particularly through the effective participation of women and youth. It shows how aid for trade can contribute to that objective by addressing supply-side capacity and trade-related infrastructure constraints, including for micro-, small- and medium-sized enterprises notably in rural areas.
The analysis is based on the views of 133 respondents – 88 developing countries, 35 donors, 5 providers of South-South trade-related support and 5 regional organisations – who participated in the 2019 aid-for-trade monitoring and evaluation exercise. They share the view that economic diversification is a gateway for economic empowerment, but also that empowerment is essential for economic diversification particularly when it enables youth, women and micro-, small- and medium-sized enterprises to engage in international trade.
The Agricultural Outlook 2019-2028 is a collaborative effort of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations. It brings together the commodity, policy and country expertise of both organisations as well as input from collaborating member countries to provide an annual assessment of the prospects for the coming decade of national, regional and global agricultural commodity markets.
This year's Special Feature will focus on agricultural development in Latin America.
Les Perspectives agricoles 2019-2028 sont le fruit de la collaboration entre l’Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques (OCDE) et l’Organisation des Nations Unies pour l’alimentation et l’agriculture (FAO). Les deux organisations mettent en commun leurs connaissances spécialisées sur les produits, les politiques et les pays, ainsi que les informations fournies par leurs pays membres afin de produire tous les ans une analyse des perspectives des marchés nationaux, régionaux et mondiaux des produits agricoles de base pour la décennie à venir.
Le chapitre spéciale pour cette édition sera dédié aux développements agricoles en Amérique latine.
The WTO plays an important role in supporting efforts to achieve international regulatory cooperation (IRC) and to facilitate trade. First, the WTO provides a multilateral framework for trade among its 164 members, with a view to ensuring that trade flows as smoothly, predictably and freely as possible. Second, the WTO’s Agreements provide important legal disciplines, helping to promote good regulatory practice and IRC at the domestic level as a means of reducing unnecessary barriers to trade.
This publication highlights how the WTO’s Agreements on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) and on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS) and the work of their related Committees promote opportunities for regulatory cooperation among governments and ease trade frictions. It demonstrates how members’ notification of draft measures, harmonisation of measures with international standards, discussion of specific trade concerns and other practices help to facilitate global trade in goods. The study also makes recommendations on how to benefit further from the transparency and cooperation opportunities provided by the TBT and SPS Agreements.
Toto vydání Směrnice o převodních cenách z roku 2017 zahrnuje podstatné revize provedené v roce 2016, aby odráželo vysvětlení a revize dohodnuté ve Zprávách o Akcích 8-10 BEPS z roku 2015 “Přizpůsobení převodních cen ekonomické aktivitě“ a Akci 13 „Dokumentace k převodním cenám a CbCR“. Směrnice zahrnuje také revidované pokyny o režimech bezpečných přístavišť (safe harbours) schválené v roce 2013, které uznávají, že správně navržená safe harbours mohou pomoci zmírnit určité komplikace v souvislosti s dodržováním předpisů a poskytnout daňovým poplatníkům větší jistotu. Toto vydání také obsahuje změny v konzistenci, které byly provedeny ve zbytku Směrnice OECD o převodních cenách. Směrnice OECD o převodních cenách byla ve svém původním znění schválena Radou OECD v roce 1995.
As digital transformation has accelerated, the e-commerce landscape has become increasingly dynamic. New players have emerged at the same time that established actors have taken on new roles; some barriers to e-commerce at the firm, individual and country levels have been overcome, while other barriers have emerged. Innovative business models have transformed buyer-seller relationships and pushed out the frontier of what is possible to buy and sell online. This report analyses new and emerging e-commerce business models, examines e-commerce trends along a range of dimensions, and offers new insights on the policies needed to exploit the opportunities and mitigate the challenges of unlocking the potential of e-commerce for all.
The ITF Transport Outlook provides an overview of recent trends and near-term prospects for the transport sector at a global level as well as long-term prospects for transport demand to 2050. The analysis covers freight (maritime, air, surface) and passenger transport (car, rail, air) as well as CO2 emissions.
This 2019 edition of the ITF Transport Outlook specifically examines the impacts of potential disruptions to transport systems. It also reviews alternative policy scenarios for long-term trends in transport demand and CO2 emissions from all modes for both freight and passenger transport.
This report investigates how tax revenue from transport fuels could evolve over time as vehicles rely less on fossil fuels, with a focus on the case study of the Republic of Slovenia. Reducing the reliance on fossil fuels in the transport sector is a welcome development from the perspective of its climate and health impacts and of reduced energy dependence. However, under current settings, reduced fuel use will also lead to a loss of tax revenues, which may put stress on government budgets. Based on simulations for Slovenia, with a 2050 horizon, the report provides an in-depth assessment of the taxation of road transport and investigates how tax policy could adapt to declining fossil fuel use in the long term if the objective is to maintain revenues at current levels while taking fairness and efficiency considerations into account. It finds that gradual tax reforms, with an evolving mix of taxes, shifting from taxes on fuel to taxes on distances driven, can contribute to more sustainable tax policy over the long term.
Den svenska ekonomin är innovativ och rik på immateriella tillgångar, då en stor del av företagens värde finns i de immateriella tillgångarna. Den svenska industrin är global och beroende av export. Samtidigt är hotet från piratkopiering stort, och svenska företag är sårbara.
Denna rapport visar på piratkopieringens direkta ekonomiska effekter för svenska företag, konsumenter och samhälle. Rapporten belyser både importen av piratkopierade varor till Sverige och de immaterialrättsliga effekterna för svenska företag av den globala handeln med piratkopierade produkter.
The Swedish economy is innovative and rich in intellectual property (IP), with nearly every industry either producing or using IP. Swedish innovative industries are also export-dependent and very deeply integrated in the global economy, through active participation in global value chains. At the same time, the threats of counterfeiting and piracy are growing – and Sweden is vulnerable. This report measures the direct economic effects of counterfeiting on Swedish industry, government and consumers. It examines both the impact of the imports of fake products to Sweden and – more importantly – the impact of the global trade in fake products that infringe on the IP rights of Swedish innovative companies.
Tendances des impôts sur la consommation présente des informations sur la taxe sur la valeur ajoutée/la taxe sur les produits et services (TVA/TPS) ainsi que sur les droits d'accise dans les pays membres de l'OCDE. Elle traite d'un certain nombre de sujets dans le domaine des impôts indirects tels que les aspects internationaux de l'évolution de la TVA/TPS et lefficacité de cet impôt. Elle décrit également un ensemble de dispositions fiscales telles que la taxation des véhicules à moteur, du tabac et des boissons alcooliques.