Browse by: "2024"
Index
Title Index
Year Index
This joint ITC-OECD report presents a comprehensive, flexible, and value-neutral typology framework that aims to promote a shared understanding of the complex landscape of sustainability initiatives. Taking into account the diverse and multifaceted nature of sustainability initiatives, the typology framework offers a structured system of parameters and a common language to support policy makers, private sector operators, NGOs, and other stakeholders in assessing the differences between sustainability initiatives.
Services and services trade play an increasingly important role in Indonesia’s economy as they represent new sources of growth, job creation, and overall wellbeing. This study explores patterns, policies, and reform scenarios of Indonesian services trade building on the OECD’s expertise, data, and analysis. This analysis covers the role of services trade in the Indonesian economy at both the aggregate and granular sectoral levels; the regulatory environment for services trade, including domestic regulatory and policy developments, as well as the relevant services trade disciplines in Indonesia’s regional trade agreements; and potential reform packages that target services trade, with an assessment of their potential impact on the Indonesian economy. The stylized facts and findings in this study aim to inform the discussion on a co-ordinated policy action amongst Indonesian policy makers and stakeholders so as to maximise the contribution of services trade to the country’s economic development.
The OECD Inventory on Export Restrictions on Industrial Raw Materials reveals a concerning trend in which export restrictions are becoming at once increasingly prevalent and more prohibitive. Given the high degree of interdependency in the global economy and many countries’ reliance on international trade for access to critical raw materials, the imposition of export restriction on raw materials risks negative spillover effects cascading down global supply chains. It is therefore important to better understand the motivations of countries using export restrictions, as well as the impact on trading partners and global markets. The OECD Inventory is a unique, freely accessible, source of qualitative and quantitative data which can serve as a foundation for these efforts.
Les technologies numériques transforment pratiquement tous les aspects de l’économie, et le commerce international ne fait pas exception. Les entreprises et les ménages passent de plus en plus de commandes en ligne. De nombreux services qui exigeaient d’ordinaire une proximité entre producteurs et consommateurs sont désormais proposés à distance. Les plateformes en ligne jouent un rôle de plus en plus important dans le rapprochement de l’offre et de la demande et facilitent les transactions économiques. Le numérique transforme la façon dont les produits sont achetés et livrés. Pour autant, cette évolution transparaît très peu dans les statistiques macroéconomiques traditionnelles, qui se concentrent sur ce qui est produit et par qui. En dernier ressort, cette absence de visibilité gêne l’élaboration des politiques et peut donner l’impression que l’économie n’est pas mesurée avec précision. Ce Manuel a pour objet d’aider les statisticiens à répondre aux besoins des décideurs de s’appuyer sur de meilleurs éléments statistiques concernant le commerce numérique. Si la politique commerciale internationale semble le domaine de l’action publique pour lequel il est essentiel de disposer de données exhaustives et comparables, le commerce numérique a des incidences sur de nombreux autres domaines, aux niveaux national comme international, et il est influencé par ces domaines, qu’il s’agisse de la concurrence, de la fiscalité, du développement ou de la croissance économique.
Des systèmes de santé résilients supposent des chaînes d’approvisionnement en produits médicaux sûres. Or ces chaînes sont complexes et internationalisées, et font souvent intervenir de nombreux fournisseurs. La pandémie de COVID-19, pendant laquelle ont coïncidé une hausse sans précédent de la demande et des interruptions dans l’offre et les flux commerciaux, a accentué les pénuries existantes et de plus en plus fréquentes de médicaments essentiels, comme les antibiotiques et les anesthésiques, et a provoqué des ruptures de stock concernant certains dispositifs médicaux, comme les masques et les respirateurs. Ce rapport offre un éclairage sur les risques et les vulnérabilités des chaînes d’approvisionnement en médicaments et dispositifs médicaux. Il analyse les mesures que peuvent prendre les pouvoirs publics pour anticiper et atténuer les risques de pénuries de médicaments et de dispositifs médicaux, tant en temps ‘normal’ que dans le contexte de crises graves. Le rapport montre surtout que pour renforcer la résilience à long terme des chaînes d’approvisionnement en produits médicaux, il est indispensable d’agir dans le cadre de démarches collaboratives conciliant les mesures prises par le secteur privé avec celles relevant des gouvernements ou d’instances supranationales.
GDP growth in Korea has recovered, supported by strong exports. Employment remains stable at a high level, while unemployment is low. Interest rates have likely peaked and housing prices have stabilised, all of which should support consumption going forward. Household debt remains high, and construction-related project finance has become a financial stability concern. Reforms to ensure fair competition in the domestic market would increase productivity in the SME sector. Reducing greenhouse gas emissions in line with the 2030 target requires tightening the emissions trading scheme and reforming energy markets to incentivise clean electricity supply and energy savings. The Korean fertility rate has fallen to the lowest in the world, which will put labour supply and public finances under pressure. A large career cost for women who become mothers holds back female employment and fertility, and underpins the widest gender pay gap in the OECD. Improving the work-life balance for both genders, closing remaining gaps in family policies, addressing high housing and education costs, and tackling labour market dualism are key to reverse the trend. Such reforms, combined with increasing the legal retirement age, reducing the high significance of seniority in determining wages, and a more welcoming regime for work immigration, would also boost labour supply and tax revenue.
SPECIAL FEATURES: PRODUCTIVITY, CLIMATE POLICY, BOOSTING FERTILITY AND RESPONDING TO AGEING
The Korean economy is known for its innovation and wealth of intellectual property (IP), having one of the highest patent applications in the world. Its IP-intensive industries are deeply integrated in the global economy through their active participation in global value chains. Such integration, however, exposes Korean IP-intensive products to high counterfeiting and piracy risks. This report examines the global trade in counterfeit products that infringe on Korean intellectual property rights (IPR) and its impact on the Korean economy. Specifically, it estimates the effects in terms of sales and job losses in the Korean manufacturing sector, as well as the impact on government revenues. The report concludes that the infringement of Korean IPR poses a significant threat to the Korean economy. The magnitude and widespread impact of this issue call for the implementation of comprehensive and coordinated solutions.
This biennial joint OECD-WTO publication provides a comprehensive analysis of trends and developments in Aid for Trade, the development finance flows that aim to help developing countries integrate into the global economy and benefit from trade opportunities. Analysing the evolution of those flows in a post-pandemic world, this edition finds that they proved resilient and remained largely aligned with partner country priorities, providing important support to bridge infrastructure gaps, foster connectivity, expand the digital economy and support clean energy transitions. Based on original data and a comprehensive stakeholder survey, the report assesses the impacts of Aid for Trade on development outcomes, and shows it is increasingly called upon to address new challenges, including climate change mitigation and adaptation.
Kazakhstan’s trade performance has displayed remarkable resilience to recent economic shocks, including Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine and the ensuing international sanctions. However, connectivity remains one of the greatest challenges facing the country: its trade integration is limited by low density of settlement and economic activity, infrastructure bottlenecks, weaknesses in trade facilitation, and long distances to major markets; its economy still depends on a limited number of export commodities and a narrow range of trading partners.
This report summarises the analytical guidance and capacity-building on export diversification in Kazakhstan provided by the OECD in 2022 and 2023. The report complements recent OECD work on trade connectivity in Central Asia, by focusing on practical aspects of export diversification identified in collaboration with the government of Kazakhstan: (i) how to develop export promotion policies for SMEs; (ii) how to design a one-stop shop for exporting SMEs; and (iii) how to improve cross-border co-operation in Kazakhstan’s Caspian Sea ports.
Торговые показатели Казахстана продемонстрировали удивительную устойчивость к недавним экономическим потрясениям, среди которых полномасштабное вторжение России в Украину и последовавшие за этим международные санкции. Тем не менее вопрос торговой связанности остается одной из самых серьезных проблем, стоящих перед страной: ее торговая интеграция ограничена низкой плотностью населения и низким уровнем экономической активности, наличием узких мест в инфраструктуре, сложностями в процедурах торговли, и удаленностью от основных рынков. Экономика Казахстана по-прежнему зависит от ограниченного числа экспортных товаров и узкого круга торговых партнеров.
В настоящем докладе обобщаются аналитические рекомендации и рекомендации по наращиванию потенциала в области диверсификации экспорта в Казахстане, представленные ОЭСР в 2022 и 2023 годах. Доклад дополняет недавнюю работу ОЭСР по развитию торговых связей в Центральной Азии. Основное внимание в нем уделяется практическим вопросам диверсификации экспорта, согласованным в сотрудничестве с правительством Казахстана: (i) разработка мер экономической политики по продвижению экспорта МСП; (ii) создание «одного окна» для МСП-экспортеров; и (iii) улучшение трансграничного сотрудничества в каспийских портах Казахстана.
The global economy relies increasingly on services for economic growth, employment, and innovation. Moreover, services trade plays a crucial role in mitigating some of the biggest challenges of our times, including by strengthening resilience in supply chains, supporting the digital transformation, and enabling a greener economy. Since 2014, the OECD has monitored services trade policies through the OECD Services Trade Restrictiveness Index (STRI), and offers annual updates on data related to services regulations. The STRI identifies opportunities for policy reform, and facilitates the quantification of benefits of open and well-regulated services markets. Building on a decade of monitoring and analysing services policies, this report presents developments on the evolution of the global regulatory and policy environment for services trade. It highlights that services trade barriers remain high and asymmetric across countries and regions, but that ambitious reforms could yield important benefits in terms of trade cost reductions. The report also serves as a unique roadmap for governments to develop ambitious strategies to revitalise services trade and how to leverage the STRI database, indices, and tools in order to implement impactful reforms.
Après une lente reprise postpandémique, l'économie mexicaine a bien navigué dans un environnement mondial de resserrement des conditions financières et d'incertitude accrue. La politique fiscale a un solide historique dans l'atteinte des objectifs fiscaux et le maintien d'une dette publique faible. Des revenus fiscaux plus élevés permettraient de maintenir la prudence fiscale et de répondre aux besoins de dépenses importants dans des domaines qui renforcent la productivité, tels que l'éducation, l'infrastructure, les transitions numérique et verte, ainsi que la lutte contre la corruption et la criminalité. Le Mexique a un grand potentiel pour attirer des investissements de sociétés cherchant à délocaliser leurs opérations en Amérique du Nord. Cela représente également une opportunité significative de répartir les bénéfices du commerce à travers le pays et de créer plus et de meilleurs liens dans la chaîne de valeur. Exploiter pleinement ces opportunités nécessitera de s'attaquer aux défis de longue date liés à la connectivité des transports et numérique, aux régulations ou à l'état de droit, et à la transition vers les énergies renouvelables. Améliorer les résultats éducatifs et réduire les écarts de genre et l'informalité contribuerait à poursuivre la récente baisse de l'inégalité de revenus, tout en renforçant le potentiel de croissance du pays. Améliorer l'accès à un logement adéquat et plus de coordination entre les politiques urbaines, de logement et d'infrastructure de transport améliorerait les conditions de vie des Mexicains, réduirait l'étalement urbain et améliorerait la mobilité urbaine.
CHAPITRE THÉMATIQUE : AMÉLIORATION DES POLITIQUES DE LOGEMENT ET DE DÉVELOPPEMENT URBAIN.
The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted various aspects of human activity, including illicit trade. Criminal networks have adapted quickly to exploit disrupted supply chains and increased demand for essential goods, creating new opportunities for profit. This report examines how the pandemic has reshaped the trade in counterfeit goods. It looks at the multifaceted effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the trade dynamic, particularly in the European Union. It also explores its effects on the trade in counterfeit goods, drawing on both law enforcement and industry expertise, as well as global customs seizure data. In particular, it highlights the challenges faced, the changing modus operandi of counterfeiters and the solutions that have emerged during this unprecedented health crisis.
After a slow recovery from the pandemic, the Mexican economy has navigated well the global environment of tightening financial conditions and heightened uncertainty. Fiscal policy has a robust track record in attaining fiscal targets and keeping public debt low. Higher tax revenues would allow to maintain fiscal prudence and to address important spending needs in productivity enhancing areas, such as education, infrastructure, the digital and green transitions, and the fight against corruption and crime. Mexico has large potential to attract investment from companies looking to relocate their operations to North America. This is also a significant opportunity to spread the benefits of trade throughout the country and to create more and better value chain linkages. Fully harnessing these opportunities will require addressing long-standing challenges related to transport and digital connectivity, regulations or the rule of law, and shifting to renewables. Improving education outcomes and reducing gender gaps and informality would help to continue the recent fall in income inequality, while also strengthening the country’s growth potential. Improving access to adequate housing and more coordination across, urban, housing and transport infrastructure policies would enhance Mexicans’ living conditions, reduce urban sprawl and improve urban mobility.
SPECIAL FEATURE: IMPROVING HOUSING AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT POLICIES
Secure medical supply chains are a cornerstone of resilient health systems. Medical supply chains are complex and internationalised, often involving many suppliers. The COVID-19 pandemic, which combined an unprecedented surge in demand with interruptions in supply and trade, exacerbated pre-existing, rising shortages of essential medicines, such as antibiotics and anaesthetics, and generated shortages of medical devices, such as face masks and respirators. This report offers insights into the risks and vulnerabilities of the supply chains of medicines and medical devices. Policy options to anticipate and mitigate risks of shortages of medicines and medical devices, both routinely and in the context of severe crises, are analysed. Most importantly, the report shows that strengthening the long-term resilience of medical supply chains requires collaborative approaches that balance measures best undertaken by the private sector with those more appropriately managed by governments or supranationally.
This report highlights key policy developments up to 2024 and the latest trends affecting services trade and digital trade. It also indicates best practices and the countries that lead in services reforms. The OECD Services Trade Restrictiveness Index (STRI) provides annually updated, comparable information on regulations affecting trade in services across 50 countries and 22 sectors from 2014 to 2024. The OECD’s quantification of services regimes across countries and over time seeks to inform the decisions of policy makers and regulators, to convey transparent and accessible information to exporters, and to provide a source of data for academic research on drivers and impediments to services trade.
En el presente informe se analiza la evolución de las corrientes de Ayuda para el Comercio en un contexto marcado por crisis de una magnitud sin precedentes y con fuertes repercusiones en el comercio y la inversión. El informe, titulado “Posibilitar un comercio conectado y sostenible”, muestra que la Ayuda para el Comercio ha sido un instrumento importante en la lucha contra la pandemia de COVID-19 y puede ayudar a afrontar los desafíos emergentes, como la transición ambiental y digital, y al mismo tiempo hacer que nadie se quede atrás. Según datos recientes, se está produciendo un cambio orientado a que la sostenibilidad, que pasa entre otras cosas por la transición verde y el empoderamiento de la mujer, ocupe un lugar central en la Ayuda para el Comercio, y esta tiene el potencial de respaldar una recuperación inclusiva y sostenible.
Le présent rapport analyse l’évolution des flux d’Aide pour le commerce dans un contexte marqué par des crises d’une ampleur sans précédent, qui ont des conséquences importantes pour le commerce et l’investissement. Intitulé «Permettre un commerce connecté et durable», il montre que l’Aide pour le commerce a été un outil important dans la lutte contre la pandémie de COVID-19, et peut aider à relever des défis nouveaux comme la transition écologique et la transition numérique, et dans le même temps, à faire en sorte que nul ne soit laissé de côté. Des données récentes font ressortir le changement qui s’opère actuellement pour placer la durabilité, y compris la transition verte et l’autonomisation des femmes, au coeur de l’Aide pour le commerce, et soulignent le potentiel de celle-ci à l’appui d’une reprise inclusive et durable.