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Kazakhstan’s trade performance has displayed remarkable resilience to recent economic shocks, including Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine and the ensuing international sanctions. However, connectivity remains one of the greatest challenges facing the country: its trade integration is limited by low density of settlement and economic activity, infrastructure bottlenecks, weaknesses in trade facilitation, and long distances to major markets; its economy still depends on a limited number of export commodities and a narrow range of trading partners.
This report summarises the analytical guidance and capacity-building on export diversification in Kazakhstan provided by the OECD in 2022 and 2023. The report complements recent OECD work on trade connectivity in Central Asia, by focusing on practical aspects of export diversification identified in collaboration with the government of Kazakhstan: (i) how to develop export promotion policies for SMEs; (ii) how to design a one-stop shop for exporting SMEs; and (iii) how to improve cross-border co-operation in Kazakhstan’s Caspian Sea ports.
The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) is an important policy for the European Union and accounts for about 40% of the EU budget. Ever since its inception in 1958, the CAP has been regularly reviewed and adjusted to improve its performance and adapt to changing circumstances. At a time when the post-2013 future of the CAP is being discussed and major challenges such as food security and climate change lay ahead, it is important to review the impact of past reforms and to draw lessons for the design of future policies.
While the studies in these proceedings often take account of national and international market effects of agricultural policies, they tend to focus on the impact of policies on farms and at the regional and local levels. Today, the European Union is composed of very diverse regions that are affected very differently by any given farm policy, depending on the structural characteristics of the farms’ and regions’ economies.
This report collects papers presented at the OECD Workshop on Disaggregated Impacts of CAP Reforms, held in Paris in March 2010, which focused on recent reforms. In particular, it examined the implementation of the single payment scheme since 2005 and the transfer of funds between different measures. Special attention was also paid to reforms of the sugar and dairy sectors with respect to the quota system and the restructuring of both these industries. The papers also look at the impact of the new direct payment system on land use, production and income.
This Digital Trade Review of Brazil provides an overview of Brazil’s participation in digital trade and the related regulatory environment. It provides insights into how Brazil might ensure that the new challenges raised by the digital transformation for trade can be managed and the benefits shared more inclusively. While Brazil has embraced the digital transformation and has strong potential to benefit from digital trade, it will need to continue the ongoing process of regulatory reform. This includes reducing tariff and non-tariff barriers to trade on ICT goods; reducing regulatory barriers to ICT services; increasing engagement in international discussions on digital trade; and continuing efforts to bridge digital divides.
The global value chain (GVC) revolution that began in the early 1990s has been characterised by unprecedented geographical separation of tasks and business functions employed to produce complex products. Through GVCs, firms have increasingly drawn on the international, instead of national, knowledge, resources and production factor base which allowed further specialisation and realisation of greater economies of scale. GVCs have also opened opportunities to participate in the global markets without having to develop a complete product or value chain and to draw on foreign knowledge and learn by doing. However, GVCs also tend to be very competitive, versatile and are characterised by powerful governance relationships which means that the capacity of workers and firms to participate in beneficial ways is not to be taken for granted. This report aims to lay an empirical foundation for structuring economic policies to facilitate Chile’s GVC participation and maximise the benefits associated with it for national firms and workers. It builds on data and methodological advancements by the OECD, compiles key indicators of Chile’s engagement in GVCs and puts them in the context of recent and considered policy reforms. The thematic breakdown proposed aims at providing a holistic diagnostic of Chile’s position in international production networks by investigating its trade, investment and innovation dimensions.
Illicit trade in counterfeit goods causes economic damage by reducing sales and profits as well as innovation incentives in legitimate industries. At the same time, some counterfeits can be of low quality and create significant additional risks, including health risks (fake pharmaceuticals or food products), safety risks (counterfeit automotive spare parts, fake batteries) and environmental risks (fake chemicals or pesticides). This study presents detailed information on the value of counterfeit trade in such dangerous fake goods, analyses changes in the volumes and composition of the goods, and maps key trade routes. The evidence in this report can be used to raise awareness of the risks of this trade and its implications for health and environmental policy.
This report is an attempt to improve understanding of the dairy sector through an analysis of the trade and economic effects of the main policy measures (subsidies) applied to it. In particular, it examines the effects of both milk price support measures and milk quota systems. The removal of individual policy measures is modelled in order to assess the impact of international dairy trade liberalisation on production, consumption, trade, prices, income, and welfare.
The primary focus of this report is the impact of policies and reform in the OECD area, although the consequences for other economies are also examined. In addition, this report offers economic insights into the workings of complex dairy policy measures and provides a discussion of the potential of the dairy sector -- globally and in individual countries -- as it adjusts to liberal trading conditions.
Dinâmicas do desenvolvimento em África usa as lições da África Central, África Oriental, Norte de África, África Austral e África Ocidental para desenvolver recomendações em matéria de políticas públicas e partilhar boas práticas. Com base nas estatísticas mais recentes, esta análise das dinâmicas de desenvolvimento visa ajudar os líderes africanos a cumprirem as metas da Agenda 2063 da União Africana a todos os níveis: continental, regional, nacional e local.
A edição de 2022 explora como o desenvolvimento de cadeias de valor regionais pode ajudar os países africanos a recuperarem dos choques socioeconómicos de pandemia de COVID-19 e acelerar a transformação produtiva. Destina-se a áreas políticas em que os atores privados e públicos podem apoiar cadeias de valor regionais ao operacionalizar a Zona de Comércio Livre Continental Africana (ZCLCA). As empresas africanas podem aproveitar as inovações digitais para reduzir os custos de produção, e os governos podem projetar políticas para o desenvolvimento de competências, contratos públicos e investimentos estrangeiros para fortalecer as ligações industriais. Dois capítulos continentais examinam iniciativas africanas relacionadas e tendências globais. Cinco capítulos adaptam as recomendações políticas a cadeias de valor específicas em cada região.
Dinâmicas do desenvolvimento em África procura alimentar um debate político entre governos, cidadãos, empresários e investigadores. Propõe um novo modelo de colaboração entre países e entre regiões, centrado na aprendizagem mútua e na preservação dos bens comuns. Este relatório resulta de uma parceria entre a Comissão da União Africana e o Centro de Desenvolvimento da OCDE.
Quais são as principais tendências económicas e sociais em África? Qual o papel de África na globalização? Este relatório anual revela uma África aberta ao mundo e ao futuro. Dinâmicas do desenvolvimento em África usa as lições de cinco regiões africanas – África Central, África Oriental, Norte de África, África Austral e África Ocidental – para desenvolver recomendações e partilhar boas práticas. O relatório identifica políticas inovadoras e oferece recomendações práticas, adaptadas às especificidades das economias africanas. Com base nas estatísticas mais recentes, esta análise das dinâmicas de desenvolvimento visa ajudar os líderes africanos a cumprirem as metas da Agenda 2063 da União Africana a todos os níveis: continental, regional, nacional e local. Cada edição anual deste relatório centra-se num tema estratégico.
A edição de 2019 explora as políticas de apoio à transformação produtiva identificando três áreas principais para a transformação das empresas: a prestação de serviços empresariais a grupos de empresas; o desenvolvimento de redes regionais de produção; e a melhoria da capacidade de crescimento das empresas exportadoras em mercados em rápida transformação.
La edición de 2017 de Directrices de las OCDE aplicables en materia de precios de transferencia incorpora las modificaciones sustanciales que se efectuaron en 2016 a fin de reflejar los cambios y aclaraciones acordados en los informes de 2015 sobre las Acciones 8 a 10 de BEPS: Garantizar que los resultados de los precios de transferencia estén en línea con la creación de valor y sobre la Acción 13: Documentación sobre precios de transferencia e Informe por país. Comprende asimismo las orientaciones revisadas relativas a los regímenes de protección aprobadas en 2013 en las que se reconoce que un régimen de protección bien concebido puede permitir aligerar ciertas cargas de cumplimiento con las obligaciones fiscales y dotar a los contribuyentes de mayor certidumbre. Finalmente, esta edición incluye también las modificaciones de coherencia que se han realizado en el resto del texto de las Directrices de las OCDE aplicables en materia de precios de transferencia. El Consejo de le OCDE aprobó la versión original Directrices de las OCDE aplicables en materia de precios de transferencia en 1995.
Es gibt kaum ein Thema, das so kontrovers ist – und gleichzeitig so wenig verstanden wird – wie die Globalisierung. Die wirtschaftliche Globalisierung im weitesten Sinne kann zwar auf eine ebenso lange Geschichte zurückblicken wie der Handel selbst, doch die Komplexität, die sich aus der globalen Vernetzung der Volkswirtschaften ergibt, sowie deren Auswirkungen auf unsere Lebensgrundlagen haben sich durch die globale Finanzkrise noch verstärkt.
Diese Publikation beschreibt die entscheidenden Wendepunkte in der Geschichte der wirtschaftlichen Integration und insbesondere die Beschleunigung des Globalisierungsprozesses seit den 1990er Jahren. Darüber hinaus werden die Auswirkungen der Globalisierung in vier maßgeblichen Bereichen – Beschäftigung, Entwicklung, Umwelt und Finanzstabilität – erörtert: Fördert Globalisierung die Entwicklung oder verstärkt sie die Ungleichheit? Werden durch Globalisierung Arbeitsplätze geschaffen oder vernichtet? Schädigt Globalisierung die Umwelt oder trägt sie zu ihrem Erhalt bei? Steuern wir auf eine Entglobalisierung zu oder kann die Globalisierung sogar die Erholung begünstigen?
Las Directrices de la OCDE aplicables en materia de precios de transferencia a empresas multinacionales y administraciones tributarias ofrecen pautas para la aplicación del “principio de plena competencia” que constituye el consenso internacional sobre los precios de transferencia, es decir, sobre la valoración, a efectos fiscales, de las operaciones internacionales entre empresas asociadas. En una economía globalizada en la que las empresas multinacionales desempeñan un papel preponderante, los precios de transferencia ocupan un lugar destacado en la agenda tanto de las administraciones tributarias como de los contribuyentes. Los gobiernos necesitan asegurarse de que las rentas imponibles de las multinacionales no se desvían artificialmente fuera de sus jurisdicciones y de que la base imponible que declaran las multinacionales en sus respectivos países refleja la actividad económica efectuada en cada uno de ellos. Para los contribuyentes, es esencial limitar el riesgo de la doble imposición económica que puede tener su origen en una controversia entre dos países respecto de la determinación de la contraprestación de plena competencia correspondiente a sus operaciones internacionales con empresas asociadas.
Las Directrices de la OCDE aplicables en materia de precios de transferencia recibieron la aprobación del Consejo en su versión original en 1995. En 2009 se llevó a cabo una pequeña actualización tendente básicamente a reflejar la adopción de un nuevo apartado 5 en el artículo 25 en la actualización del Modelo de Convenio Tributario de 2008 que trata sobre el arbitraje, así como los cambios efectuados en los comentarios a dicho artículo 25 referidos a los procedimientos amistosos para la resolución de controversias fiscales de ámbito internacional. En la edición de 2010 se ha procedido a una importante revisión de los Capítulos I a III, en los que se ofrecen nuevas pautas para la selección del método de determinación de precios de transferencia más apropiado en función de la casuística, sobre la aplicación práctica de los métodos basados en el resultado de las operaciones (el método del margen neto operacional y el método de distribución del resultado) y el funcionamiento de los análisis de comparabilidad. Se ha añadido, además, un nuevo Capítulo IX que trata aquellos aspectos de las reestructuraciones empresariales que están relacionados con cuestiones de precios de transferencia. A lo largo de todas las Directrices de la OCDE aplicables en materia de precios de transferencia se han efectuado cambios tendentes a dotarlas de coherencia.
Im Rahmen dieser Studie wird eine rigorose Methodik entwickelt und angewendet, um die Inzidenz gefälschter und unerlaubt kopierter Produkte im Welthandel zu schätzen. Diese Methodik kann künftig dazu genutzt werden, die Untersuchung anhand qualitativ und quantitativ besserer Daten zu vertiefen. Die Studie liefert zudem eine Analyse des Markts für gefälschte und unerlaubt kopierte Produkte sowie der Effekte auf verschiedene hiervon betroffene Parteien, angefangen von den Inhabern geistiger Eigentumsrechte bis hin zu Verbrauchern und Staat. Ferner enthält sie eine Reihe detaillierter Momentaufnahmen unterschiedlicher Wirtschaftsbereiche, die aufzeigen, in welcher Art und Weise diese Sektoren von der Produkt- und Markenpiraterie betroffen sind und wie sie hierauf reagieren.