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Dans le contexte d’une reprise économique inégale, de l’accroissement des inégalités sociales et de la persistance des défis environnementaux et sociaux, les attentes à l’égard de la science, de la technologie et de l’innovation se sont accrues à travers le monde. Dans ce nouveau contexte, les gouvernements placent l’innovation au cœur de leur programme de croissance durable.
Science, technologie et industrie : Perspectives de l’OCDE 2014 examine les principales tendances dans les politiques et performances de la STI à travers plus de 45 économies, y compris les pays de l’OCDE et de grandes économies émergentes. Après un aperçu du paysage et des perspectives mondiales des politiques de la STI, une série de profils thématiques aborde les questions actuelles clés en la matière. Les profils pays présentent les performances de chaque pays et les évolutions les plus récentes dans leurs politiques nationales de STI. Cet ouvrage s’appuie sur une enquête unique, conduite par l’OCDE tous les deux ans auprès de plus de 45 pays, et sur les derniers travaux de l’OCDE en matière d’analyse et de mesure des politiques de STI.

The Dutch food, agriculture and horticulture sector is innovative and export oriented, with high value-added along the food chain and significant world export shares for many products. Continuous adoption of innovation has permitted to reach high levels of productivity and sustained productivity growth, in particular at the farm level, in a context of increasing environmental regulatory constraints. The challenge is whether marginal improvements in current technologies and know-how will be enough to pursue current rates of productivity growth – sustainably – and whether the innovation system will be able to generate the new ideas that are needed to face future challenges, including those linked to climate change.

Pour l’essentiel, le secteur canadien de l’alimentation et de l’agriculture est compétitif et axé sur les exportations. Bien que les défis et opportunités du secteur agricole canadien varient nettement selon les régions, le secteur agricole primaire bénéficie d’abondantes ressources naturelles et les contraintes environnementales auxquelles il est assujetti sont limitées. Du fait de son climat et de sa géographie, le Canada diffère notamment de nombreux autres pays exportateurs nets dans la mesure où son agriculture représente une part de l’utilisation des terres et de l’eau bien moindre. Les principales atteintes à l’environnement qui lui sont dues tiennent à la pollution de l’eau par les éléments nutritifs localisée dans certains endroits. Les gains de productivité résultant de l’innovation et des changements structurels ont entraîné une hausse de la production et des revenus sans trop peser sur les ressources. Le secteur agricole canadien, axé sur les exportations, doit impérativement être capable d’innover pour tirer profit de l’augmentation et de l’évolution de la demande mondiale de produits agroalimentaires.

Les menaces de sécurité numérique potentiellement lourdes de conséquences économiques sont récemment devenues plus nombreuses et sophistiquées, alors même que l’environnement numérique est devenu un maillon essentiel du fonctionnement de l’économie et un facteur important de croissance, de bien-être et d’inclusivité. Pour profiter pleinement des avantages liés à l’environnement numérique, les parties prenantes doivent absolument cesser d’aborder le risque de sécurité numérique sous un angle technique dissocié de considérations économiques et sociales plus larges. Il leur faut d’urgence intégrer la gestion de ce risque à leurs processus décisionnels en matière économique et sociale. Les responsables de l’action publique doivent également mesurer toute la complexité du risque de sécurité numérique dans ses multiples dimensions, de la prospérité économique et sociale aux activités de police (lutte contre la « cybercriminalité ») en passant par la défense, la sécurité nationale et la sécurité internationale.
Cette Recommandation de l'OCDE et son document d'accompagnement offrent des orientations sur ces aspects. 
 

Science, technology and innovation foster competitiveness, productivity and growth. Over 200 indicators in the OECD Science, Technology and Industry (STI) Scoreboard show how OECD and major non-OECD economies are starting to move beyond the crisis, increasingly investing in the future.
The charts and underlying data in the OECD STI Scoreboard 2015 are available for download and selected indicators contain additional data expanding the time and country coverage of the print edition.

The internationally recognised methodology for collecting and using R&D statistics, the OECD's Frascati Manual is an essential tool for statisticians  and science and innovation policy makers worldwide. It includes definitions of basic concepts, data collection guidelines, and classifications for compiling R&D statistics.  This updated edition contains improved guidelines reflecting recent changes in the way R&D takes place and is funded and the wider use of R&D statistics and definitions. It provides new chapters dedicated to the pratical aspects of collecting R&D data in different sectors, as well as new guidance on capturing different aspects of public support for R&D such as tax incentives.

All countries are investing in health data. There are however significant cross-country differences in data availability and use. Some countries stand out for their innovative practices enabling privacy-protective data use while others are falling behind with insufficient data and restrictions that limit access to and use of data, even by government itself. Countries that develop a data governance framework that enables privacy-protective data use will not only have the information needed to promote quality, efficiency and performance in their health systems, they will become a more attractive centre for medical research. After examining the current situation in OECD countries, a multi-disciplinary advisory panel of experts identified eight key data governance mechanisms to maximise benefits to patients and to societies from the collection, linkage and analysis of health data and to, at the same time, minimise risks to the privacy of patients and to the security of health data. These mechanisms include coordinated development of high-value, privacy-protective health information systems, legislation that permits privacy-protective data use, open and transparent public communication, accreditation or certification of health data processors, transparent and fair project approval processes, data de-identification and data security practices that meet legal requirements and public expectations without compromising data utility and a process to continually assess and renew the data governance framework as new data and new risks emerge.

This OECD Recommendation and its Companion Document provide guidance for all stakeholders on the economic and social prosperity dimensions of digital security risk. In an economic context in which the digital environment has become essential to growth and prosperity, well-being and inclusiveness, digital security risk should be considered with respect to the broader economic and social perspective, and its management integrated in stakeholders’ decision making processes.

In order to attain its objective of becoming a high-income economy by 2020, Malaysia is engaged in efforts to enhance the performance of its innovation system. A range of challenges need to be addressed and different policy tools can help in this respect. For this purpose the national intellectual property (IP) system can play a pivotal role. This review assesses how Malaysian's national IP system promotes innovation and offers recommendations to improve the design of the system. It does so by analysing the organisation and governance of Malaysia's IP system as well as opportunities and challenges for different local users - ranging from small businesses to frontier companies and public research institutions. Moreover, the review discusses the state of IP markets in Malaysia and related policies and provides a comprehensive set of statistics describing the use of IP in Malaysia in recent years.

Australia’s agriculture and food industries are well placed to contribute to the economy’s future growth given the robust prospects of global food demand and the continuing high international competitiveness of these sectors. There are, however, important challenges that call for new ways to exploit agricultural resources and human capital. The decade-long decline in agricultural productivity growth needs to be overcome, coupled with the need to accommodate uncertainties about the impacts of climate change and to respond to societal demands in the areas of sustainable development and animal welfare. The agro-food sector also needs to absorb exchange-rate and cost pressures created by the mining boom. To tap additional opportunities of the higher value food segments, Australian agri-businesses need new knowledge and capabilities to seize demand signals and value opportunities, particularly from more affluent consumers in Asian markets.

The Canadian food and agriculture sector is for the most part competitive and export-oriented: although challenges and opportunities vary significantly between regions, primary agriculture benefits from an abundance of natural resources and faces limited environmental constraints. Negative environmental impacts of agriculture relate mainly to local water pollution by agricultural nutrients. Productivity growth, resulting from innovation and structural change, has driven production and income growth without significantly increasing pressure on resource use. Nonetheless, the capacity to innovate is crucial to take advantage of the growing and changing demand for food and agricultural products at the global level.

The digital economy now permeates countless aspects of the world economy, impacting sectors as varied as banking, retail, energy, transportation, education, publishing, media or health. Information and Communication Technologies are transforming the ways social interactions and personal relationships are conducted, with fixed, mobile and broadcast networks converging, and devices and objects increasingly connected to form the Internet of things.
This report assesses how countries can maximise the potential of the digital economy as a driver for innovation and inclusive growth, and discusses the evolutions in the digital economy that policy makers need to consider as well as the emerging challenges they need to address as a part of national digital strategies. Chapters include an overview of the current status and outlook of the digital economy; the main trends in the ICT sector, and developments in communication and regulation policy; and overviews of ICT demand and adoption, plus the effects of the digital economy on growth and development. This volume also includes a chapter on developments related to trust in the digital economy and on the emerging Internet of things.

Agriculture and the agro-processing sector in Brazil have shown impressive growth over the past two decades. This has largely been driven by productivity improvements and structural adjustment resulting from broad economic reforms, as well as new technologies developed by agricultural science. Government policy and industry initiatives are increasingly focused on the sustainability of agricultural development.

This report looks at a variety of inclusive innovation initiatives and innovative products aimed at improving the welfare of lower-income and excluded groups, notably in terms of essential public services (education, infrastructure and health). It discusses the policy trade-offs between traditional innovation policies and a more inclusive innovation approach, and provides recommendations for aligning current policies. It also deals with the impacts of innovation and innovation policies on industrial and territorial inclusiveness, describing how information and communication technology (ICT) and technology diffusion may influence smaller firms’ chances of succeeding with their innovations.