Browse by: "2018"

Portugal’s services markets remain among the most heavily regulated in the OECD. Inland and maritime transports in Portugal are a vital part of the business environment, ensuring the movement of goods and passengers and inputs for the business sector. Regulatory restrictions limit the ability of firms to effectively compete in the markets, whether as providers or customers, while hampering innovation, efficiency and productivity. Against this backdrop, this report analyses Portuguese regulations for road, railway and maritime transport, and many ancillary services (such as vehicle inspection centres), as well as Portugal’s ports. The report examines 1 064 pieces of legislation and makes 417 individual recommendations for amending or removing restrictive provisions to improve competition, and makes a detailed inventory of the analysis underlying the work. Analysis of Portuguese legislation was complemented by research into international experiences and wide consultations with public and private sector stakeholders. The OECD recommendations aim to remove or modify the provisions to benefit businesses and consumers alike. This report identifies the sources of those benefits and gives estimates of their impact. Provided all recommendations are fully implemented, the benefit to the economy from lifting the barriers in the land and maritime transport sectors is estimated to be around EUR 250 million a year.

Portugal’s services markets are among the most heavily regulated in the OECD. As vital inputs into the business sector, services provided by professionals, such as lawyers and engineers, generate up to 1.8 times their value in outputs by firms that use them. However, structural flaws in the regulation make professional services highly expensive for firms, diminishing their ability to compete effectively. Regulatory restrictions also hamper innovation and efficiency within the professions. Against this backdrop, this report examines regulations for 13 self-regulated professions (lawyers, solicitors, notaries, bailiffs, architects, engineers, technical engineers, certified accountants, auditors, economists, customs brokers, nutritionists and pharmacists). From 923 pieces of legislation analysed, the report makes 348 individual recommendations for amending or removing provisions to improve competition, and makes a detailed inventory of the analysis underlying the work. Analysis of Portuguese legislation and professions was complemented by research into international experiences and wide consultations with stakeholders from the public and private sectors. The OECD recommendations aim to remove or modify overly restrictive provisions in order to facilitate the access or exercise of the professions, to benefit businesses and consumers alike. This report identifies the sources of those benefits and gives estimates of their impact. Provided all recommendations are fully implemented, the benefit to the economy from lifting the barriers in the 13 liberal professions is estimated at around EUR 130 million a year.

This report presents policy options for extending the life of road assets by mitigating deterioration caused by trucks. Beyond traditional engineering responses, it considers the role of trucks in road asset deterioration from a broader, demand-oriented perspective.

Global Insurance Market Trends provides comparable, cross-country data on insurance markets. It is a comprehensive source of statistical information for government authorities (regulators, finance ministries, and central banks), the insurance sector, the research community, and consumers. The report is based on the inputs from national insurance authorities and supports monitoring and analysis of the insurance sector. 

Currently, Japan has the highest old-age dependency ratio of all OECD countries, with a ratio in 2017 of over 50 persons aged 65 and above for every 100 persons aged 20 to 64. This ratio is projected to rise to 79 per hundred in 2050. The rapid population ageing in Japan is a major challenge for achieving further increases in living standards and ensuring the financial sustainability of public social expenditure. However, with the right policies in place, there is an opportunity to cope with this challenge by extending working lives and making better use of older workers' knowledge and skills. This report investigates policy issues and discusses actions to retain and incentivise the elderly to work more by further reforming retirement policies and seniority-wages, investing in skills to improve productivity and keeping up with labour market changes through training policy, and ensuring good working conditions for better health with tackling long-hours working culture.

This report makes use of a unique set of data on premiums and claims provided by global reinsurance companies to examine the contribution that reinsurance has made to enhancing the capacity of the primary insurance market to manage catastrophe risk and to reducing the economic and insurance market disruption that often follows catastrophic events.

This report provides an overview of financial literacy in Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Kazakhstan, the Kyrgyz Republic, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. It provides these six countries with an opportunity to see how their financial literacy levels compare to the other countries participating in the Project on Financial Education in the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS).

Česká republika dosáhla pokroku při oddělování hospodářského růstu od čerpání pitné vody, spotřeby energie, emisí skleníkových plynů a dalších znečišťujících látek v ovzduší. Její silná průmyslová základna a spoléhání se na uhlí však řadí Českou republiku mezi energeticky a uhlíkově nejnáročnější země OECD a znečištění ovzduší představuje vážné zdravotní riziko. Pokrok směrem k udržitelnému rozvoji bude vyžadovat posílení politického závazku k nízkouhlíkovému hospodářství a provádění nákladově efektivnějších environmentálních politik.
Toto je třetí Hodnocení politik životního prostředí České republiky. Vyhodnocuje pokrok směrem k udržitelnému rozvoji a zelenému růstu se zaměřením na oblast nakládání s odpady a materiály a oběhové hospodářství a na udržitelný rozvoj měst.

Cette publication est la dixième édition de la version abrégée du Modèle de Convention fiscale concernant le revenu et la fortune de l’OCDE. Cette version abrégée contient le texte intégral du Modèle de Convention fiscale tel qu'il se lisait le 21 novembre 2017, excluant toutefois les notes historiques et les rapports antérieurs qui sont inclus dans la version complète.

Recent mergers in the seed industry have led to concerns about market concentration and its potential effects on prices, product choice, and innovation. This study provides new and detailed empirical evidence on the degree of market concentration in seed and GM technology across a broad range of crops and countries, and analyses the causes and potential effects of concentration. It also explains how competition authorities have responded to mergers, and suggests policy options to help safeguard and stimulate competition and innovation in plant breeding by avoiding unnecessary regulatory barriers, by facilitating access to genetic resources and intellectual property, as well as by stimulating public and private R&D. As this study shows, policy makers have several levers besides competition policy to ensure an innovative and competitive seed industry.

This first OECD Investment Policy Review of Cambodia uses the OECD Policy Framework for Investment to present an assessment of the investment climate in Cambodia and to discuss the challenges and opportunities faced by the Royal Government of Cambodia in its reform efforts. It includes chapters on investment trends and industrial structure, competitiveness and diversification, improving business regulation, investor protection, investment promotion, good regulatory practices, infrastructure, the investment framework for green growth, corporate governance, competition policy and how ODA is being used to improve the investment climate.

Are tax incentives the best way to encourage people to save for retirement? This publication assesses whether countries can improve the design of financial incentives to promote savings for retirement. After describing how different countries design financial incentives to promote savings for retirement in funded pensions, the study calculates the overall tax advantage that individuals may benefit from as a result of those incentives when saving for retirement. It then examines the fiscal cost of those incentives and their effectiveness in increasing retirement savings, and looks into alternative approaches to designing financial incentives. The study ends with policy guidelines on how to improve the design of financial incentives to promote savings for retirement, highlighting that depending on the policy objective certain designs of tax incentives or non-tax incentives may be more appropriate.

Many of Asia’s retirement-income systems are ill prepared for the rapid population ageing that will occur over the next two decades. The demographic transition – to fewer babies and longer lives – took a century in Europe and North America. In Asia, this transition will often occur in a single generation. Asia’s pension systems need modernising urgently to ensure that they are financially sustainable and provide adequate retirement incomes. This report examines the retirement-income systems of 18 countries in the region. The report provides new data for comparing pension systems of different countries. It combines the OECD’s expertise in modelling pension entitlements with a network of national pension experts who provided detailed information at the country level, verified key results and provided feedback and input to improve the analysis.

Pedoman OECD untuk Perusahaan Multinasional mengakui dan mendorong kontribusi positif bisnis bagi kemajuan ekonomi, lingkungan hidup dan sosial, dan juga mengakui bahwa kegiatan bisnis dapat memberikan dampak yang merugikan terhadap pekerja, HAM, lingkungan hidup, penyuapan, konsumen dan tata kelola perusahaan.

《经合组织跨国企业准则》承认并鼓励工商企业 为经济、环境与社会进步做出积极的贡献， 还意识到商业活动可能导致与 工人、人权、环境、贿赂、 消费者及公司治理相关的 不利影响。 本《指南》帮助工商企业理解并实施 负责任商业行为尽责管理。《指南》还力求推动 政府与利益相关方就负责任商业行为尽责管理 达成共识

แนวทางของ OECD สำหรับ MNE ยอมรับและสนับสนุนการมีส่วนร่วมในเชิงบวก ซึ่งภาคธุรกิจสามารถสร้างความก้าวหน้าทางเศรษฐกิจ สิ่งแวดล้อม และสังคมได้ และยังยอมรับว่ากิจกรรมทางธุรกิจต่างๆ สามารถส่งผลกระทบเชิงลบที่เกี่ยวข้องกับคนงาน สิทธิมนุษยชน สิ่งแวดล้อม การติดสินบน ผู้บริโภค และการกำกับดูแลกิจการ แนวปฏิบัตินี้ช่วยให้ภาคธุรกิจเข้าใจ และดำ เนินการตรวจสอบธุรกิจอย่างรอบด้าน สำหรับการดำ เนินธุรกิจที่มีความรับผิดชอบ นอกจากนี้ยังพยายามส่งเสริมความเข้าใจร่วมกันเกี่ยวกับการดำ เนินธุรกิจที่มีความรับผิดชอบ ระหว่างรัฐบาลและผู้มีส่วนได้ส่วนเสียอีกด้วย

Керівні принципи ОЕСР для міжнаціональних підприємств віддають належне і подалі заохочують позитивний вплив бізнесу на економічний, екологічний і соціальній розвиток, але в той же час визнають той несприятливий вплив, який може спричинити підприємницька діяльність на права людини, в тому числі, права найманих працівників у їх стосунках з адміністрацією, а також на стан довкілля, інтереси споживачів, корпоративне управління, протидію хабарництву і корупції. Настанова має допомогти бізнес-структурам зрозуміти і впровадити процедури належної перевірки в практиці відповідального ведення бізнесу. Також, ця Настанова сприятиме спільному розумінню владою і зацікавленими сторонами сутності застосування належної перевірки у практиці відповідального ведення бізнесу.

Wytyczne OECD dla przedsiębiorstw wielonarodowych zachęcają przedsiębiorstwa do podejmowania działań na rzecz rozwoju gospodarczego, ochrony środowiska naturalnego oraz rozwoju społecznego, a także stwierdzają, że działalność prowadzona przez przedsiębiorstwa może wywoływać negatywne skutki w odniesieniu do pracowników, poszanowania praw człowieka, ochrony środowiska, zachowań korupcyjnych, ochrony interesów konsumentów oraz ładu korporacyjnego.

In de OESO-richtlijnen voor Multinationale Ondernemingen wordt de positieve bijdrage van ondernemingen aan de vooruitgang op economisch, milieu en sociaal gebied onderkend en aangemoedigd. Ook wordt erkend dat zakelijke activiteiten negatieve gevolgen kunnen hebben voor werknemers, mensenrechten, milieu, corruptie, consumenten en goed ondernemingsbestuur. Deze Handreiking biedt ondernemingen inzicht in en ondersteuning bij de praktische toepassing van due diligence voor maatschappelijk verantwoord ondernemen. Doel van deze Handreiking is ook een gemeenschappelijk referentiekader te creëren voor overheden en stakeholders op het gebied van due diligence voor maatschappelijk verantwoord ondernemen.