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Los países de América Latina y el Caribe (ALC) deben adoptar una amplia y ambiciosa agenda de inversión para emprender una trayectoria de desarrollo más sólida y sostenible. La decimosexta edición de Perspectivas Económicas de América Latina propone formas para hacer realidad esta agenda mediante acciones coordinadas entre los responsables de la formulación de políticas, el sector privado y los socios internacionales. El informe sostiene que para cerrar las brechas de inversión existentes y superar los retos estructurales de la región es esencial incrementar tanto la inversión nacional como la extranjera. Estas inversiones deben actuar como catalizador de empleos de mayor calidad y optimizar la estructura productiva, aprovechando el potencial de los recursos de ALC y de las transiciones verde y digital. Es clave mejorar la gobernanza y la información para promover inversiones públicas y privadas efectivas y eficientes. Las instituciones públicas son fundamentales para alinear las inversiones con las estrategias nacionales de desarrollo y para fortalecer el contrato social. El informe presenta opciones de financiamiento para respaldar esta nueva agenda de inversión, entre las que se incluyen instrumentos de deuda innovadores y un papel renovado de las instituciones de financiamiento del desarrollo, al tiempo que destaca la importancia de revitalizar las alianzas internacionales en el marco de dicha agenda de inversión.
Global Insurance Market Trends provides comparable, cross-country data on insurance markets. It is a comprehensive source of statistical information for government authorities (regulators, finance ministries, and central banks), the insurance sector, the research community, and consumers. The report is based on the inputs from national insurance authorities and supports monitoring and analysis of the insurance sector. This report shows data for 2022.
Latin America and the Caribbean needs an ambitious and comprehensive investment agenda to embark on a stronger and more sustainable development trajectory. The 16th edition of the Latin American Economic Outlook proposes ways to make this possible through co-ordinated actions by policy makers, the private sector and international partners. It argues that to close existing investment gaps and overcome the region’s structural challenges, it is essential to scale up domestic and foreign investment. These investments should be a catalyst for better quality jobs and an upgraded production structure, harnessing the potential of LAC’s endowments and of the green and digital transitions. Better governance and information are key to promoting effective and efficient public and private investments. Public institutions are fundamental to aligning investments with national development strategies while building stronger social contracts. The report presents a series of options for financing this new investment agenda, including innovative debt instruments and a renewed role for development finance institutions. The report also highlights the importance of reinvigorated international partnerships across the investment agenda.
《经合组织跨国企业负责任商业行为准则》（简称《准则》）是各国政府向跨国企业提出的建议，旨在鼓励企业对经济、环境和社会进步做出积极贡献，并最大限度地减少企业的运营、产品和服务可能对《准则》所涵盖事项所产生的不利影响。《准则》涵盖了商业责任的所有关键领域，包括人权、劳工权利、环境、贿赂、消费者利益、信息披露、科学技术与创新、竞争和税收。2023年版的《准则》贯穿气候变化、生物多样性、技术、商业诚信和供应链尽责管理等多个关键领域，更新了有关负责任商业行为的建议，并更新了负责任商业行为国家联系点的实施程序。
This market study provides an assessment of competition in three broad areas of the retail banking sector in Tunisia: current accounts, bank loans for micro, small and medium enterprises and mobile payment services. The report identifies areas where competition is not working as well as it could, reducing customers mobility and access to finance and limiting the competitive pressure that fintech companies can exert on traditional banks. The report provides a range of recommendations to improve market outcomes for financial services users and it includes estimates of the expected impact of the implementation of the recommendations on the economy. This competition market study is part of a broader project aiming at fostering pro-competitive reforms in Tunisia.
Cette étude de marché fournit une évaluation de la concurrence dans trois grands domaines du secteur de la banque de détail en Tunisie : les comptes courants, les prêts bancaires pour les micro, petites et moyennes entreprises et les services de paiement mobile. Le rapport identifie les domaines où la concurrence ne fonctionne pas aussi bien qu'elle le pourrait, réduisant la mobilité des clients et l'accès au financement et limitant la pression concurrentielle que les entreprises fintech peuvent exercer sur les banques traditionnelles. Le rapport fournit une série de recommandations visant à améliorer les résultats du marché pour les utilisateurs de services financiers et comprend des estimations de l'impact attendu de la mise en œuvre des recommandations sur l'économie. Cette étude de marché sur la concurrence fait partie d'un projet plus large visant à favoriser les réformes pro-concurrentielles en Tunisie.
Cette version abrégée est la traduction partielle de la version anglaise du Panorama des pensions de l’OCDE. Elle contient le résumé de la publication ainsi que l’introduction et les principaux résultats des chapitres 1 et 2. L’édition 2023 du Panorama des pensions met en lumière les réformes des retraites engagées par les pays de l’OCDE au cours des deux dernières années. Elle comprend un chapitre spécial sur les dispositions de retraite applicables aux emplois dangereux ou pénibles. Elle décrit les règles existantes, documente les tendances récentes des politiques dans ce domaine et évalue la conception et le fonctionnement des règles de retraite anticipée pour les emplois dangereux ou pénibles compte tenu de l’évolution des conditions de travail et des pressions liées au vieillissement démographique sur les systèmes de retraite.
Cette édition met également à jour les informations sur les principales caractéristiques des systèmes de retraite dans les pays de l’OCDE et du G20 et fournit des projections sur les revenus de retraite des travailleurs d’aujourd’hui. Elle propose des indicateurs concernant l’architecture des systèmes de retraite, les droits à la retraite, le contexte démographique et économique dans lequel s’inscrivent les systèmes de retraite, les revenus et la pauvreté chez les personnes âgées, le financement des systèmes de retraite et les pensions privées.
The 2023 edition of Pensions at a Glance highlights the pension reforms undertaken by OECD countries over the last two years. It includes a special chapter focusing on pension provisions for hazardous or arduous work. It describes existing rules, characterises recent policy trends and assesses the design and functioning of early-retirement rules for hazardous or arduous jobs given changing working conditions and ageing pressure on pension systems.
This edition also updates information on the key features of pension provision in OECD and G20 countries and provides projections of retirement income for today’s workers. It offers indicators covering the design of pension systems, pension entitlements, the demographic and economic context in which pension systems operate, incomes and poverty of older people, the finances of retirement income systems and private pensions.
Il rapporto "Le dinamiche di sviluppo dell'Africa" fa tesoro degli insegnamenti tratti dalle esperienze dell'Africa centrale, orientale, settentrionale, meridionale e occidentale per elaborare raccomandazioni strategiche e condividere le buone pratiche in tutto il continente. Basandosi sulle statistiche più recenti, l'analisi delle dinamiche di sviluppo mira ad aiutare i leader africani a conseguire gli obiettivi dell'Agenda 2063 dell'Unione africana a tutti i livelli: continentale, regionale, nazionale e locale.
La presente edizione esamina in che modo l'Africa possa attirare investimenti in grado di offrire il miglior equilibrio tra obiettivi economici, sociali e ambientali. I suoi dati recenti e le sue analisi sono messi a disposizione dei responsabili politici al fine di migliorare le valutazioni dei rischi, rafforzare i partenariati diretti dall'Africa e accelerare l'integrazione regionale in modo da aumentare gli investimenti sostenibili. Due capitoli esaminano il panorama degli investimenti in Africa e le relative priorità politiche a livello di continente. I cinque capitoli regionali propongono raccomandazioni ad hoc per settori strategici quali gli ecosistemi naturali, le energie rinnovabili, i finanziamenti per il clima e le catene di valore agroalimentari.
Il rapporto "Le dinamiche di sviluppo dell'Africa" alimenta il dibattito politico tra i governi dell'Unione africana, i cittadini, gli imprenditori e i ricercatori. Propone una nuova collaborazione tra Paesi e regioni, incentrata sull'apprendimento reciproco e sulla conservazione dei beni comuni, ed è il frutto della collaborazione tra la Commissione dell'Unione africana e il Centro per lo sviluppo dell'OCSE.
L'élaboration des politiques a toujours consisté à faire des choix, gérer des compromis et équilibrer plusieurs objectifs et priorités pour la prise de décisions budgétaires complexes. Pourtant, ces dernières années, les décideurs politiques ont été confrontés à un nombre croissant de priorités, d'où une pression plus forte pour améliorer l'efficacité des dépenses publiques. Il existe de solides arguments en faveur d'un investissement public dans une éducation de haute qualité du fait de ses résultats économiques ainsi qu'aux retombées sociales plus générales pour les individus et la société. Mais alors qu'une éducation de haute qualité continuera à permettre aux individus et aux sociétés de prospérer et de se remettre des perturbations, les ministères de l'éducation devront repenser leur façon d'investir dans l'éducation pour garantir l'optimisation de l’utilisation de ces ressources. Après une introduction exposant le contexte, cette publication fait le point sur les rendements économiques et les résultats sociaux plus larges dérivés d'une éducation de qualité, plaidant en faveur de la poursuite des investissements publics. Elle se tourne ensuite vers l'examen des moyens intelligents d'investir dans l'éducation et examine les principaux leviers politiques pour optimiser l’utilisation des ressources: gérer et distribuer le financement des écoles pour tirer le meilleur parti des investissements éducatifs ; parvenir à l’équité parallèlement à une plus grande efficacité ; et la planification, le suivi et l'évaluation de l'utilisation efficace du financement des écoles.
This edition of Pension Markets in Focus provides detailed and comparable statistics on asset-backed pension systems around the world, with data from January to December 2022. It examines the drivers of changes in total assets accumulated, including contributions and benefits paid, as well as financial market developments. In addition, the report assesses the financial sustainability of defined benefit plans (guaranteeing specific payments to plan members) and documents the fees paid by members.
L’arbitrage de dividendes est une forme de fraude commise par le truchement d’un dispositif complexe d’opérations de négociation, de vente et de rachat d’actions exécutées sur une période bien précise et dont le but est d’éluder l’impôt sur les dividendes ou de solliciter des remboursements illégitimes de la retenue à la source sur le dividende. Sous ses diverses variantes, l’arbitrage de dividendes représente une menace sérieuse en termes d’érosion de la base d’imposition pour de nombreuses juridictions. Il peut en outre engendrer des distorsions de marché qui portent atteinte à l’intégrité du système financier. Ce rapport a pour objet de sensibiliser aux pratiques frauduleuses reposant sur l’arbitrage de dividendes et offre aux pays plusieurs recommandations permettant d’identifier les risques posés par ce phénomène, d’améliorer la coordination entre les autorités nationales et de renforcer la coopération internationale. En particulier, la lutte contre ce phénomène exige une étroite coordination entre organismes publics nationaux, une forte coopération internationale et un réseau efficace d’échange de renseignements entre juridictions. À cet égard, les pays peuvent envisager des actions ciblées et des stratégies globales, qui associent les administrations fiscales et les autorités répressives, mais aussi les organismes de régulation et de surveillance financières, ainsi que les autorités compétentes en matière de lutte contre le blanchiment de capitaux. Dans certains cas, des modifications de la législation peuvent également s’avérer nécessaires.
Dividend stripping is a type of fraud that is committed through a complex mechanism of trading, selling and repurchasing shares over a certain period to unlawfully avoid payment of dividend taxes, or to claim unjustified tax reimbursements. Dividend stripping in its many forms poses a great challenge to the tax bases of numerous jurisdictions and may create market distortions that corrode the integrity of the financial system. This report is intended to raise awareness of dividend stripping frauds and provides a number of recommendations for countries around recognising the risk, improving domestic co-ordination and expanding international co-operation. In particular, tackling dividend stripping requires strong domestic inter-agency co-ordination and international co-operation, as well as the sharing of information between jurisdictions. Countries may therefore wish to prepare targeted actions and comprehensive strategies against this phenomenon, including not only tax administrations and law enforcement, but also financial regulators and supervisory authorities, as well as anti-money laundering competent authorities. Legislative changes may also be required in some cases.
The scale of Uzbekistan’s green transition requires a marked increase in private financing to fill the existing spending gap. The outsized role of the state in Uzbekistan’s economy and its underdeveloped domestic capital market act as significant constraints and call for a diversification of sources to finance the green transition. Since 2021, Uzbekistan has made green bonds a central part of its strategy to fill the financing gap and mobilise new sources of capital for its domestic green infrastructure projects. This publication explores the current market and institutional set-up in Uzbekistan, the reforms that have led to recent issuances of both sovereign and corporate thematic bonds, and the remaining barriers to further uptake of the instrument. The report also provides policy recommendations related to the market's institutional set up, Uzbekistan's regulatory framework for debt capital markets and emerging opportunities for further green bond use aimed at key stakeholders, including policy makers and market participants.
Çok Uluslu Şirketler için Sorumlu İş Yönetimine ilişkin OECD Rehberi, hükümetler tarafından çok uluslu şirketlere yönelik olarak yapılan tavsiyeleri içerir. Söz konusu tavsiyeler; şirketlerin ekonomik, çevresel ve sosyal alanlarda ilerlemeye katkılarını teşvik etmeyi, bunun yanı sıra bir işletmenin faaliyetleri, ürünleri ve hizmetleri vasıtasıyla, Rehber kapsamında ele alınan konular üzerindeki olası olumsuz etkilerini asgari düzeye indirmeyi hedefler. Rehber; insan hakları, işçi hakları, çevre, rüşvet, tüketici çıkarları, kamuoyunun aydınlatılması, bilim ve teknoloji, rekabet ve vergilendirme de dâhil olmak üzere ticari sorumluluklarla ilgili tüm temel alanları kapsamaktadır. Rehberin 2023 yılında yapılan baskısına iklim değişikliği, biyoçeşitlilik, teknoloji, iş ahlakı ve tedarik zincirinde teknik değerlendirme çalışmaları gibi alanlarda sorumlu iş yönetimine ilişkin güncel tavsiyeler eklenmiştir. Bunların yanı sıra, Rehberde Sorumlu İş Yönetimi için Ulusal Temas Noktalarına ilişkin güncel uygulama yöntemleri de sunulmaktadır.
The re-opening of Samoa’s borders in late-2022 kickstarted the country’s recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic. This offers an opportunity to rebuild sustainably its tourism, maritime transport, and fisheries sectors. Samoa’s ocean resources can also augment its resilience to future shocks such as climate change. Through an analysis of Samoa’s economic trends and environmental pressures, institutional set-up and policy tools, as well as financing landscape, this report identifies opportunities and challenges for Samoa’s ocean economy to drive sustainable and resilient development. The Samoa Ocean Strategy offers a blueprint for such a pursuit, but there remain gaps and impediments. To address them, the report provides several cross-cutting and sector-specific policy recommendations to accelerate Samoa’s transition to a sustainable ocean economy.
The FDI Qualities Review of Croatia provides policy recommendations on the design and implementation of a new strategic framework for investment promotion and facilitation in Croatia. It provides an assessment of how foreign direct investment (FDI) contributes to sustainable development, including productivity and innovation, job quality and skills development, decarbonisation and regional development. It also examines the institutional and policy framework for investment promotion and facilitation at national and subnational levels. It gives an overview of Croatia’s investment incentives regime, focusing on the effective design and implementation of tax incentives. The report indicates potential areas for institutional and policy reform to improve Croatia’s investment climate and strengthen the economic, social and environmental benefits of FDI.
Citizenship and residency by investment (CBI/RBI) programmes are government-administered programmes that grant citizenship or residency to foreign investors by expediting or bypassing normal migration processes. These programmes can help spur economic growth through foreign direct investment, but they are also attractive to criminals and corrupt officials seeking to evade justice and launder the proceeds of crime reaching into the billions of dollars.
This report highlights how CBI programmes can allow criminals more global mobility and help them hide their identity and criminal activities behind shell companies in other jurisdictions. It highlights the vulnerabilities of these complex and international investment migration programmes, including the frequent use of intermediaries, involvement of multiple government agencies, abuse by professional enablers and lack of proper governance of the CBI/RBI programmes. The report proposes measures and examples of good practice, that can help policy makers and those responsible for managing the investment migration programmes address these risks. These include an in-depth analysis and understanding of how criminals can exploit CBI or RBI programmes and incorporating risk mitigation measures, such as multi-layer due diligence, in the design of the investment migration programme.
Corporate Tax Statistics 2023, a flagship publication of the OECD, provides comprehensive insights into corporate tax systems and the tax and economic activities of thousands of multinational enterprises operating around the world. It is a key outcome of Action 11 of the OECD/G20 BEPS Project which aims to improve the measurement and monitoring of tax avoidance. The report includes data on corporate tax rates, revenues, effective tax rates, as well as tax incentives for R&D and innovation. This fifth edition also includes two years of anonymised and aggregated country-by-country reporting data, and, for the first time, information on withholding tax rates under tax treaties for member jurisdictions of the OECD and the Inclusive Framework on BEPS.
This report analyses current trends of adaptation finance provided and mobilised by developed countries for developing countries. It explores potential action areas for international providers to scale up funding for climate change adaptation, including by unlocking the potential of the private sector. The analysis is anchored in the context of the USD 100 billion climate finance goal, initially set for 2020 and extended to 2025, while also providing insights to the broader and longer-term objective of supporting developing countries’ ability to adapt to the adverse impacts of climate change.