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Les petites et moyennes entreprises (PME) et les entrepreneurs ont été durement touchés pendant la crise du COVID-19. Les réponses politiques ont été rapides et sans précédent, aidant à amortir le choc et à maintenir la plupart des PME et des entrepreneurs à flot. Malgré l’ampleur du choc, les données disponibles jusqu’à présent indiquent une création soutenue de start-ups, aucune vague de faillites et une impulsion à l’innovation dans la plupart des pays de l’OCDE. Cependant, le soutien des gouvernements a été moins efficace pour les travailleurs autonomes, les petites et jeunes entreprises, les femmes et les entrepreneurs issus de minorités. Les pays n’ont pas non plus tous été en mesure de soutenir les PME. Alors que les campagnes de vaccination se déploient et que les perspectives économiques s’éclaircissent, les gouvernements doivent prendre le virage d’une sortie de crise et créer les conditions nécessaires pour reconstruire en mieux. Les Perspectives 2021 de l’OCDE pour les PME et l’entrepreneuriat apportent de nouvelles données probantes sur l’impact de la crise sur les PME et les entrepreneurs et les réponses politiques apportées. Elles réfléchissent à des questions à plus long terme, telles que l’endettement des PME ou le rôle des PME dans des chaînes d’approvisionnement plus résilientes, ou la diffusion de l’innovation. Le rapport contient des profils de pays qui comparent l’impact, les facteurs de vulnérabilité et les sources de résilience dans les pays de l’OCDE, et mettent l’accent sur le soutien à la liquidité et les plans de redressement pour les PME.
Fiscal Federalism 2022 surveys recent trends and policies in intergovernmental fiscal relations and subnational government. Accessible and easy-to-read chapters provide insight into: good practices in fiscal federalism; the design of fiscal equalisation systems; measuring subnational tax and spending autonomy; promoting public sector performance across levels of government; digitalisation challenges and opportunities; the role of subnational accounting and insolvency frameworks; funding and financing of local government public investment; and early lessons from the COVID-19 crisis for intergovernmental fiscal relations.
This Review assesses Ukraine’s investment climate vis-à-vis the country’s energy sector reforms and discusses challenges and opportunities in this context. Capitalising on the OECD Policy Framework for Investment and other relevant instruments and guidance, the Review takes a broad approach to investment climate challenges facing Ukraine’s energy sector. It covers investment trends, the current policy and regulatory framework, the legal and institutional framework for investment protection, investment promotion and facilitation, public governance, energy infrastructure and policies relating to promoting and enabling responsible business conduct. The analysis and recommendations in the Review can help policy makers strengthen the enabling conditions for investment in Ukraine’s energy sector.
This second edition of Private Philanthropy for Development aims to meet the growing demand for open, reliable and comparable data on philanthropic giving. Compared to the first edition, it collected more data from large foundations and other organisations based in developing countries to have a more comprehensive understanding of cross-border financing and domestic giving.
The report analyses philanthropic flows by geography, sector and thematic area, explores how these flows are implemented and compares their scope to official development assistance (ODA). It dives deeper into foundations’ strategies for mobilising additional resources through their assets and philanthropic capital; looks at their engagement in advocacy to amplify and sustain their impact; and studies their approaches to learning and knowledge production through monitoring and evaluation.
The report unpacks unprecedented data on philanthropy’s contribution to developing countries, which will be critical for development actors, including governments, ODA providers and foundations, to better co-ordinate their actions, exploit synergies and play to their best comparative advantage en route to a sustainable recovery.
The 2021 edition of Pensions at a Glance highlights the pension reforms undertaken by OECD countries over the past two years. Moreover, the special chapter focuses on automatic adjustment mechanisms in pensions systems in OECD countries, discusses the usefulness and limitations of these policy instruments, and suggests ways to improve them in order to enhance the capacity of pension systems to fulfil their objectives. This edition also updates information on the key features of pension provision in OECD and G20 countries and provides projections of retirement income for today’s workers. It offers indicators covering the design of pension systems, pension entitlements, the demographic and economic context in which pension systems operate, incomes and poverty of older people, the finances of retirement‑income systems and private pensions.
Cette version abrégée est la traduction partielle de la version anglaise du Panorama des pensions de l’OCDE. Elle contient le résumé de la publication ainsi que l’introduction et les principaux résultats des chapitres 1 et 2. L'édition 2021 de Panorama des pensions met en lumière les réformes des retraites légiférées par les pays de l'OCDE au cours des deux dernières années. Un chapitre spécial porte sur les mécanismes d'ajustements automatiques des systèmes de retraite des pays de l'OCDE, examine l'utilité et les limites de ces instruments des politiques de retraite et suggère des moyens de les améliorer afin de renforcer la capacité des systèmes de retraite à remplir leurs objectifs. Cette édition met également à jour les informations sur les principales caractéristiques des systèmes de retraite dans les pays de l'OCDE et du G20 et fournit des projections sur les revenus de retraite des travailleurs d'aujourd'hui. Elle contient en outre des informations actualisées sur les principales caractéristiques des pensions servies dans les pays de l’OCDE et du G20, ainsi que des projections des revenus de pension que percevront les personnes actuellement sur le marché du travail. Elle propose des indicateurs concernant l’architecture des systèmes de retraite, les droits à la retraite, le contexte démographique et économique dans lequel s’inscrivent les systèmes de retraite, les revenus et la pauvreté chez les personnes âgées, le financement des systèmes de retraite et les pensions privées.
Chỉ trong một khoảng thời gian ngắn, nhờ những cơ chế hỗ trợ thuận lợi mở đường cho đầu tư tư nhân, Việt Nam đã vươn lên trở thành thị trường năng lượng tái tạo hàng đầu của khu vực. Với đà phục hồi nền kinh tế sau đại dịch mạnh mẽ hơn trong thập kỷ tới, nhiệm vụ đảm bảo tăng trưởng bền vững cùng với tích hợp tỷ trọng ngày càng cao công suất điện từ các nguồn biến thiên sẽ là thách thức lớn cho các nhà hoạch định chính sách của Việt Nam. Bên cạnh đó, Việt Nam vẫn là một trong những quốc gia có mức tiêu hao năng lượng cao trong phát triển kinh tế, những nỗ lực cải thiện hiệu quả năng lượng trong các chương trình điều chỉnh thị trường sắp tới sẽ tạo tiềm năng khai thác nhiều lợi ích kinh tế mới. Báo cáo Đánh giá chính sách Đầu tư và Tài chính cho Năng lượng Sạch tại Việt Nam trình bày một quan điểm tổng thể về khung chính sách hiện tại, nêu bật những thành công, xác định những cơ hội củng cố các cơ chế, chính sách còn chưa khai thác có khả năng giúp nâng cao quy mô đầu tư và hoạt động tài chính vào năng lượng sạch. Cùng với đó, báo cáo cũng đưa ra một số khuyến nghị thích hợp dành riêng cho Chính phủ và các đối tác phát triển của Việt Nam. Tài liệu đánh giá này được lập trong khuôn khổ Chương trình Huy động Đầu tư và Tài chính cho Năng lượng sạch (CEFIM), một chương trình hỗ trợ các quốc gia đang phát triển khai thác nguồn vốn đầu tư và tài chính trong lĩnh vực năng lượng sạch.
Viet Nam has become a leading regional market for renewable energy in a short space of time led by private sector investment facilitated by favourable support mechanisms. Maintaining market growth sustainably while integrating higher shares of variable generation will be a key challenge for Viet Nam’s policy makers over the next decade as the post-pandemic economic recovery builds momentum. Viet Nam's economy also remains highly energy intensive and energy efficiency improvement has the potential to unlock multiple economic benefits with further market interventions.
The Clean Energy Finance and Investment Policy Review of Viet Nam provides a comprehensive overview of the current policy framework, highlighting progress and identifying untapped opportunities for strengthening policy interventions that can help scale up clean energy finance and investment. It also provides a number of tailored recommendations for the Government of Viet Nam and development partners. The Review was undertaken within the OECD Clean Energy Finance and Investment Mobilisation (CEFIM) Programme, which supports governments in emerging economies to unlock finance and investment in clean energy.
This technical note presents two forward-looking scenarios for climate finance provided and mobilised by developed countries in the context of the USD 100 billion goal set under the UNFCCC. The analysis of public climate finance provided is based on the stated intentions, pledges and targets of individual developed countries and multilateral development banks, as submitted for the specific purpose of this exercise. It also relies on analytical steps and methodological assumptions to make this information compatible with the accounting framework and scope of the goal. The two scenarios include further assumptions on both the level of private finance mobilised by this public finance and of climate-related export credits. Canada and Germany requested the OECD to conduct this analysis as an input to the Delivery Plan towards the USD 100 billion goal prepared by developed countries prior to COP26.
Cette note technique présente deux scénarios prospectifs pour le financement climatique fourni et mobilisé par les pays développés dans le cadre de l'objectif de 100 milliards de dollars établi dans le cadre de la CCNUCC. L'analyse du financement climatique public fourni est basée sur les intentions déclarés, les promesses et les objectifs des différents pays développés et banques multilatérales de développement, tels que soumis dans le contexte spécifique de cet exercice. Elle s'appuie également sur des étapes analytiques et des hypothèses méthodologiques pour rendre ces informations compatibles avec le cadre comptable et le périmètre de l'objectif. Les deux scénarios comprennent des hypothèses complémentaires sur le niveau de financement privé mobilisé par ce financement public et sur les crédits à l'exportation liés au climat. Le Canada et l'Allemagne ont demandé à l'OCDE de réaliser cette analyse afin d’informer le Plan de Mise en Œuvre de l'objectif de 100 milliards USD préparé par les pays développés en amont de la COP26.
Los Principios rectores de los contratos duraderos en el sector extractivo (Principios rectores) ofrecen una serie de orientaciones para que los proyectos de desarrollo de recursos naturales guarden un equilibrio de riesgos y beneficios, base de una contratación duradera, y para que, desde un primer momento, se tengan en cuenta los intereses y las inquietudes de la comunidad. Mediante la propuesta de un modelo sobre el contenido y la negociación de contratos del sector extractivo duraderos, se quiere poner freno a factores que acaben derivando en renegociaciones e incentivar el uso de disposiciones lo suficientemente flexibles y adaptables para, por ejemplo, ajustarse automáticamente a las condiciones de mercado prevalentes. Asimismo, los Principios rectores pueden ayudar a gobiernos receptores y a inversionistas a dar explicaciones a la opinión pública, lo que siempre contribuye a superar tensiones entre las partes interesadas. En definitiva, estos ocho Principios rectores y la información relacionada pueden devenir un marco de referencia común para que los que participan en la negociación de contratos del sector extractivo (gobiernos receptores, inversionistas, agentes de apoyo y juristas) redacten contratos duraderos, sostenibles y beneficiosos para todas las partes. Esta publicación es la versión en español de una publicación en inglés perteneciente a la serie OECD Development Policy Tools.
This review analyses regulatory barriers to competition in the logistics sector in Malaysia, with the goal of helping the government make regulation more pro-competitive while fostering long-lasting growth. This report is based on a competition assessment of laws and regulations conducted by the OECD in the framework of the project “Fostering Competition in Asean”. Besides developing recommendations to promote the competitive and efficient functioning of markets under review, this report also includes estimates of how the implementation of certain recommendations could impact the economy. An OECD Competitive Neutrality Review of Small-package Delivery Services in Malaysia was launched together with this study.
На основе стандартной методологии ОЭСР в исследовании приведены количественные оценки мер государственной поддержки как на потребление, так и на производство угля, нефти, нефтепродуктов, природного газа, а также электрической и тепловой энергии, производимой на основе этих видов ископаемого топлива. В докладе представлены основные выводы анализа механизмов субсидирования ископаемых видов топлива в шести странах Восточного партнерства (ВП) Европейского союза: Армении, Азербайджане, Беларуси, Грузии, Республике Молдова и Украине. В исследовании обновлены оценки публикации 2018 года «Энергетические субсидии в странах Восточного партнерства ЕС» с представлением данных и оценок за 2016-2019 годы. Анализ сфокусирован на оценке двух основных типов субсидий на ископаемые виды топлива: прямых трансфертах средств производителям и потребителям и налоговых расходах. В докладе кратко рассмотрены меры политики в области налогообложения и ценообразования в энергосекторе, которые непосредственно или косвенно влияют на динамику субсидий в этом регионе. В приложениях к докладу приведены детальные оценки всех мер поддержки для каждой из шести стран.
The OECD Business and Finance Outlook is an annual publication that presents unique data and analysis on the trends, both positive and negative, that are shaping tomorrow’s world of business, finance and investment. Artificial Intelligence (AI) has progressed rapidly in recent years and is being applied in settings ranging from health care, to scientific research, to financial markets. It offers opportunities, amongst others, to reinforce financial stability, enhance market efficiency and support the implementation of public policy goals. These potential benefits need to be accompanied by appropriate governance frameworks and best practices to mitigate risks that may accompany the deployment of AI systems in both the public and private sphere.
Using analysis from a wide range of perspectives, this year’s edition examines the implications arising from the growing importance of AI-powered applications in finance, responsible business conduct, competition, foreign direct investment and regulatory oversight and supervision. It offers guidelines and a number of policy solutions to help policy makers achieve a balance between harvesting the opportunities offered by AI while also mitigating its risks.
Ce rapport présente les tendances du financement climatique annuel fourni et mobilisé par les pays développés pour les pays en développement pour la période 2013-19. Les tendances sont présentées par source de financement, thème et secteur climatique, géographie et instrument financier. Ce rapport étant conçu comme une brève mise à jour technique des chiffres 2013-18 publiés précédemment, les informations présentées restent à un niveau agrégé. Une analyse élargie et désagrégée sera menée en 2022 pour le financement climatique en 2019 et 2020, une fois que les données pour 2020 seront disponibles.
This report presents aggregate trends of annual climate finance provided and mobilised by developed countries for developing countries for the period 2013-19. The trends are presented by finance source, climate theme and sector, geography, and financial instrument. As this report is intended as a short technical update to the previously published 2013-18 figures, the information provided remains at an aggregate level. An expanded and disaggregated analysis will be conducted in 2022 for climate finance in 2019 and 2020, once data for 2020 is available.
This review analyses regulatory barriers to competition in the logistics sector in ASEAN, with the goal of helping authorities make regulation more pro-competitive while fostering long-lasting growth. This report is based on a competition assessment of laws and regulations conducted by the OECD in the framework of the project “Fostering Competition in Asean”. Besides developing recommendations to promote the competitive and efficient functioning of markets under review, this report also includes estimates of how the implementation of certain recommendations could impact the economy. An OECD Competitive Neutrality Review of Small-package Delivery Services in ASEAN was launched together with this study.
This 2021 edition of the OECD Corporate Governance Factbook offers a comprehensive account of how the G20/OECD Principles of Corporate Governance are implemented around the world. With comparative information across 50 jurisdictions including all OECD, G20 and Financial Stability Board members, the Factbook supports informed policy-making by providing up-to-date information on the ways in which different countries translate the Principles’ recommendations into their national legal and regulatory frameworks.
This review analyses regulatory barriers to competition in the logistics sector in Viet Nam, with the goal of helping the government make regulation more pro-competitive while fostering long-lasting growth. This report is based on a competition assessment of laws and regulations conducted by the OECD in the framework of the project “Fostering Competition in Asean”. Besides developing recommendations to promote the competitive and efficient functioning of markets under review, this report also includes estimates of how the implementation of certain recommendations could impact the economy. An OECD Competitive Neutrality Review of Small-package Delivery Services in Viet Nam was launched together with this study.
Climate and environmental considerations have become pressing priorities for governments in recent years. International commitments such as the Paris Agreement, the Aichi Biodiversity Targets under the Convention on Biodiversity (CBD) and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) have spurred momentum across the OECD to prioritise green objectives to policy-making processes. As these efforts require systematic considerations across all parts of government, countries have identified the budget process as playing a key role in ensuring that priorities relating to the environment and climate change are part of the policy-making process. Thus, there has been an emergence of “green budgeting” practices across the OECD.
Countries use green budgeting as a tool of budgetary policy making to provide policy makers with a clearer understanding of the environmental and climate impacts of budgeting choices, while bringing evidence together in a systematic and co-ordinated manner for more informed decision making to fulfil national and international commitments. This publication presents the findings from the first survey on green budgeting across OECD countries and provides information on the extent to which countries have the key elements of an effective approach to pursue environmental and climate priorities.